Special Senses

Question 1

What are the unique functions of the sympathetic division?

Answer 1

• thermo regulation (includes control of sweat glands and acrecctor pili muscles)
• vasomotor tone of blood vessels (control of blood pressure)
• controls adrenal medulla and release of epinephrine and norepinephrine
• regulates metabolic rate of body cells
• Stimulates reticular formation of brain, increasing mental alertness

Question 2

What are the parasympathetic division activities?

Answer 2

• rest and digest
• SLUDD: salivation, lacrimation, urination, digestion, defecation
• Vagus nerve is parasympathetic to HR and digestion
• Paradoxical fear: no way to escape or win
  
  • accidental huge release of parasym. causes loss of control over urination/defecation

Question 3

What is the anatomy of the sympathetic division?

Answer 3

• Preganglionic neuron comes out of thoracolumbar
  
  • release norepinephrine as neurotransmitter
  • “adrenergic”
• Preganglionic nerve is short, but postganglionic is long
• Ganglia is located close to spinal cord
  
  • sympathetic trunk ganglia (chain ganglia) or prevertebral (collateral) ganglia

Question 4

What is the anatomy of the parasympathetic division?

Answer 4

• Preganglionic nerve / fiber comes out of craniosacral
  
  • release Aceytlcholine
  • “cholinergenic”
• Preganglionic is long, postganglionic neuron is short
• Ganglia located near or on wall of effector organs
• Ganglia are terminal ganglia

Question 5

What effect does the sympathetic / parasympathetic division have on the following: pupils of eyes, heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate, bronchial tubes, blood glucose (liver), blood distribution

Answer 5

• Sympathetic/Para
• Pupils of eyes: dlate/constrict
• HR: up/down
• Blood pressure: up/down
• Breathing rate: up/down
• Bronchial tubes: dilate/constrict
• Blood glucose: more, break down glycogen / build up glycogen
• Blood distribution: to skeletal muscle and away from digestion and skin and kidneys / homeostatic blood distribution

Question 6

Describe the sense of olfaction

Answer 6

• consists of chemoreceptors in the olfactory epithelium (superior nasal concha of ethmoid bone)
• Chemical must be dissolved in mucus before they can be detected
• Fast adapting

Question 7

Describe the sense of gustation

Answer 7

• Consists of chemoreceptors
• Must be dissolved in saliva before they can be detected
• fast adapting
• taste is 80% smell
• thermoreceptors (heat), mechano (texture), noni (pain)

Question 8

What is conduction deafness and what is sensorineural deafness?

Answer 8

• Conduction deafness: blocked sound conduction to the fluids of the internal ear
  
  • impacted earwax, perforated eardrum, or otosclerosis of the ossicles
• Sensorineural deafness:
  
  • damage to neural structures at any point from cochlear hair cells to auditory cortical cells