Lab 4 / Chapter 5 Tissues and Photomicrographs

Question 1

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium: location, function, and description

Answer 1

• found in inside lining of trachea, respiratory tract (nasal to bronchi), portions of male urethra
• secretes and propels mucus
• looks multilayered but is not (all like trees grow from bottom, but not all reach top), nuclei at several levels, often have goblet cells, often ciliated

Question 2

Simple squamos epithelium: location, function, structure

Answer 2

• alveoli of lungs, lining of blood vessels and heart (endocardium), capsules of kidneys, serous membrane of stomach, intensines, surface mesothelium of pleura, pericardium, peritoneum, and mesenteries
• allow rapid diffusion or transport of substances through membrane
• secretes lubricating serous fluid
• has a friction reducing lining
• singler layer of thin cells shaped like fried eggs, nucleus flattened in plane of cell

Question 3

Osseous Tissue: location, function, description

Answer 3

• skeleton
• physical support of body, leverage for muscle action, reservoir of calcium and phosphorus
• calcified matrix arranged in circles around canals; osteocytes in lacunae which are connected by canaliculi

Question 4

Simple columnar epithelium: location, function, description

Answer 4

• lining of intestinesm stomach, gallbladder, uterus, uterine tubes, and some kidney tubules
• absorption, secretion of mucus and other products, movement of egg and embryo in uterine tube
• oval or sausage shaped nuclei, vertically oriented, usually in basal half of cell; often has brush border of microvilli; may possess goblet cells; may have cilia

Question 5

Smooth muscle: location, function, description

Answer 5

• walls of digestive organs, uterus, bladder, blood vessels, iris, sphincters of rectum and anus
• swallowing, contractions of stomach and intestines, expulsion of feces and urine, labor contractions, control of blood pressure and flow, respiratory airflow, pupillary diameter, erection of hairs, under involuntary control

Question 6

Fibrocartilage: location, function, description

Answer 6

• pubic symphsis (between coxal bones), meniscus of knee (joint), between discs of vertebrae
• resists compression and absorbs shock, often a transitional tissue between dense connective tissue and hyaline cartilage (e.g. tendon-bone junction)
• parallel collagen fibers (similar to tendon), rows of chondrocytes in lacunae between fibers

Question 7

Adipose tissue: location, function, and structure

Answer 7

• mammary gland, subcutaneous fat, external ear, kidneys and eyes
• energy storage, thermal insulation, heat production by brown fat, protective cushion for some organs, filling space, shaping body
• dominated by adipocytes (large, empty looking cells with thin margins), tissue sections often pale, nucleus pressed against plasma membrane, blood vessels present

Question 8

Dense regular connective tissue: location, functions, and structure

Answer 8

• tendons and ligaments
• ligaments tightly bound bones together and resist stress, tendons attach muscle to bone and transfer muscle tension to bones
• densely packed, parallel, often wavy collagen fibers; slender fibroclast nuclei, ground substance between waves, scarcity of blood vessels

Question 9

Elastic cartilage: location, function, structure

Answer 9

• epiglottis, pinna (external ear)
  
  • 3 es: elastic, epiglottis, ear
• provides flexible, elastic support
• elastic fibers form weblike mesh amid lacunae

Question 10

Transitional epithelium: location, function, structure

Answer 10

• bladder, ureters (urinary tract), umbilical cord
• stretches to allow filling of urinary tract, protects underlying tissues from osmotic damage by urine
• surface cells are rounded (not flattened), often bulge at surface, 5-6 cells thick when relaxed and 2-3 when stretched, cells are flatter and thinner when stretched, some cells have 2 nuclei

Question 11

Skeletal Muscle: location, function, structure

Answer 11

• any muscle (mostly attached to bone but on other muscles such as tongue)
• body movement, facial expression, posture, voluntary control
• long, threadlike, unbranched cells, mostly parallel, longitudinal sections, striations, multiple nuclei per cell near plasma membrane

Question 12

Stratified Squamos Epithelium: location, function, structure

Answer 12

• epidermis, palms, soles (these are keratinized) lining in mouth, lining of esophagus, anal canal, vagina (these are not)
• resists abrasion and pathogens, retards water loss through skin
• Multiple cell layers with cells become flatter and scalier toward surface, layer of compact dead cells without nuceli on top, basal cells may be cuboidal to columnar

Question 13

Areolar Connective Tissue: location, function, structure

Answer 13

• underneath nearly all epithelia, surrounds blood vessels, nerves, espohagus, and trachea; fascia between muscles
• loosely binds epithelia to other tissues, allows passage of nerves and blood vessels through other tissues, arena for immune defense, wraps and cushions organs
• loose arrangement of collagen and elastic fibers, scattered cells of various types, lots of ground substance and blood vessels

Question 14

Hyaline cartilage: location, function, structure

Answer 14

• rings of trachea, encloses larnyx, costal (rib) cartilage, over ends of bones at movable joints, much of fetal skeleton
• ease joint movements, holds airway opem during respiration, precursor of bones in children and long bones in adolescents?

Question 15

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium: location, structure, function

Answer 15

• lining of kidney tubules, bronchioles, liver, thyroid, mammary, salivary, and other glands
• absorption and secretion, production of protective mucus coat, movement of mucus
• single layer of square or round cells, often arrange in pyramid or circle around a central space, centrally placed nuclei, ciliated in bronchioles, brush border of microvilli in some kidney tubules

Question 16

Cardiac Muscle tissue: location, function, structure

Answer 16

• heart wall
• pumping of blood, involuntary control
• short cells (mycocytes) with notched ends, less parallel appearance in tissue sections, striations, one nucles per cell that is centrally located and often surrounded by lighter color zone

Question 17

Blood (connective tissue): location, function, structure

Answer 17

• heart and blood vessels
• trasport nutrients and wastes, chemical signals, heat through body; defensive leukocytes, clotting agents, platelets secrete growth factors that help with tissue repair
• pale pink discs with light centers and no nuclei, leukocytes are stained violet and much larger and more sparse, platelets are cell fragments with no nuclei

Question 18

Dense irregular connective tissue: location, function, structure

Answer 18

• deeper layer of dermis, capsule of kidney and of spleen, fibrous sheath around cartilage and bone
• withstands stress applied in unpredictable directions, imparts durability to tissues
• densely packed collagen fibers running in random directions, scant open space (ground substance), few visible cells, scarcity of blood vessels

Question 19

What tissue is this?

Answer 19

Areolar connective tissue

Question 20

What tissue is this?

Answer 20

Adipose connective tissue

Question 21

What tissue is this?

Answer 21

Osseous tissue

Question 22

What tissue is this?

Answer 22

blood