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Anatomy and Physiology I > Lab 10 and Chapter 14: Brain and Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Lab 10 and Chapter 14: Brain and Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

What do the various lobes of the brain do?

A

Frontal lobe: motor cortex (voluntary movement of skeletal muscle)

Occipital lobe: visual

Temporal: auditory and olfactory

Parietal: somatosensory (general senses-touch,pain, pressure, tempature)

Insula lobe: gustation

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2
Q

What is the white matter and the gray matter in the cerebral hemispheres?

A

White matter: tracts that connect the two hemispheres (corpus callosum)

  • deep to cortical gray matter (opposite to spinal cord)
  • Composed of tracts (bundles of axons) that connect one part of brain to another and to spinal cord

Gray matter: cell bodies (soma), dendrites, synapses, and unmyelinated fibers for decisions, memory, and sensation (and analysis of sensation)

  • form cortex of cerebrum and cerebellum
  • forms basal nuclei
  • found in limbic system
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3
Q

What are the 6 main parts of the brain?

A
  • Cerebrum
    • conscious thinking
  • Corpus Callosum
    • white matter that connects the two cerebral hemispheres
  • Cerebral cortex
    • outer layer of the cerebrum
  • Diencephalon
    • Thalamus
    • Hypothalamus
    • Epithalamus (pineal gland)
    • Optic chiasma
  • Brain Stem
    • midbrain
    • pons
    • medulla oblongata
  • Cerebellum
    • cerebral cortex (gray matter)
    • arbor vitae (branched white matter)
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4
Q

What are the functions of the parts of the diencephalon?

A
  • thalamus
    • gateway to cerebral cortex
    • fluid filled space between the two halves = 3rd ventricle
  • hypothalamus
    • connects to pituitary gland by infundibulum
    • Autonomic control center: includes thirst, hunger, satiety centers and temperature regulator
  • epithalamus /pineal gland
    • secretes melatonin
  • optic chiasma
    • where cranial nerve II (optic nerve) crosses
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5
Q

What is the function of the medulla oblongata?

A
  • includes the respiratory center (for breathing)
  • and cardiovascular center (for HR and blood pressure)
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6
Q

Where is the olfactory nerve and what does it do?

A

Number I

Smell (sensory only)

Travels through ethmoid and cribriform plate

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7
Q

Where is the optic nerve and what does it do?

A

Number II

Vision

Sphenoid bone, optic canal

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8
Q

Where is the oculomotor nerve and what does it do?

A

NUmber III

Movement of eyeball

Superior orbital fissure (sphenoid bone)

Medial rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique muscles

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9
Q

What is the trochlear nerve and what does it do?

A

Number IV

Movement of eyeball

Sphenoid bone, superior orbital fissure

Superior oblique muscle

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10
Q

Where is the trigeminal nerve and what does it do?

A

Number V

Sensations of the face, chewing

Masseter, temporalis

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11
Q

Where is the abducens nerve and what does it do?

A

Number VI

Movement of eyeball (laterally)

Superior orbital fissure (sphenoid bone)

Lateral rectus

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12
Q

Where is the facial nerve and what does it do?

A

Number VII

Facial expression;taste

Frontalis, occipitalis, orbicularis oculi, obicularis oris, levator labii superioris, depressor labii inferioris, zygomaticus, risorius, mentalis, buccinator

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13
Q

Where is the vestibulocochlear nerve and what does it do?

A

Number VIII

equilirbrium; hearing

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14
Q

Where is the glossopharyngeal nerve and what does it do?

A

Number IX

Taste, movement of pharynx during swallowing and speech, secretion of saliva

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15
Q

Where is the vagus nerve and what does it do?

A

Number X

Taste, swallowing, coughing, parasympathetic stimulation of the heart and digestive tract

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16
Q

Where is the accessory (spinal) nerve and what does it do?

A

Number XI

Swallowing, movement of head and shoulders

Sternocleidomastoid; trapezius

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17
Q

Where is the hypoglossal nerve and what does it do?

A

Number XII

Movement of tongue during speech and swallowing

Genioglossus

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18
Q

What do the terms rostral and caudal mean?

A

Rostral: toward the forehead

Caudal: toward the spinal cord

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19
Q

What are the major components of the cerebrum?

A
  • 83% of brain volume
  • Longtudinal fissure: deep groove that separates cerebral hemispheres
  • Gyri: thick folds
  • Sulci: shallow grooves
  • Corpus callosum: white matter that connects the hemispheres
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20
Q

What are the major landmarks of the cerebellum?

A
  • Also has gryi, sulci, and fissures
  • 10% of brain volume
  • over 50% of brain neurons
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21
Q

What are the components of the cranial dura mater?

A
  • 2 layers
    • outer periosteal
    • inner meningeal
    • layers separated by dural sinuses (collect blood circulating through brain)
  • No epidural space in cranium
  • Extensions of dura mater
    • falx cerebri separates two cerebral hemispheres
    • Tentorium cerebelli separates cerebrum from cerebellum
    • Falx cerebelli separates right and left halves of cerebellum
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22
Q

WHat is meningitis?

A
  • Inflammation of the meninges
  • Serious disease of infancy and childhood (3 mo-2 years especially)
  • Caused by bacterial or viral infection of CNS by way of nose and throat
23
Q

What are the ventricles of the brain?

A
  • Four internal chambers in the brain
  • Two lateral ventricles: one in each cerebral hemisphere
    • Interventricular foramen connects to 3rd ventricle
  • Third ventricle is narrow medial space below corpus callosum
  • Cerebral aqueduct runs through midbrain and connects third to 4th ventricle
  • Fourth ventrilce is in chamber between pons and cerebellum
    • connects to central canal that runs through spinal cord
24
Q

What is choroid plexus? How do they relate to Ependyma?

A
  • mass of blood capillaries on the floor of each ventricle
  • Ependyma–neuroglia that line ventricles and cover chloroid plexus
    • produces CSF
25
Q

What is Cerebrospinal Fluid and how does it work?

A
  • clear, colorless liquid that fills ventricles and canals of CNS
  • Production begins with flitration of blood plasma through capillaries of brain
  • CSF continually flows around the CNS
    • 3rd and 4th ventricles add more CSF during cycle
  • small amount fills central canal of spinal cord
  • All CSF eventually escapes through three pores into subarachnoid space
  • CSF is reabsorbed by arachnoid villi (granulations)
26
Q

What are the functions of CSF?

A
  • buoyancy
  • protection
    • prevents brain from striking the cranium
    • shaken child syndrome and concussions do still occur
  • chemical stability
    • rinses metabolic waste, regulates chemical environment
      • blood substitute
27
Q

Why is blood important to the brain

A
  • Brain is only 2% of adult body weight but receives 15% of all blood
  • Neurons have high demand for ATP, and therefore oxygen and glucose, so blood supply is critical
    • 10 second interruption of blood flow may cause loss of consciousness
      • 4 minutes = irreversible brain damag
28
Q

What is the brain barrier system and how does it work?

A
  • System regulates what substances can get from bloodstream itno tissue fluid of the brain
    • blood is crucial but can contain harmful agents
  • Two points of entry must be guarded
    • blood capillaries through brain tissue
      • Consists of tight junctions between endothelial cells that form capillary walls
    • capillaries of choroid plexus
      • forms tight junctions between ependymal cells
  • Anything leaving blood must pass through cells (not between) so harmful substances don’t get to brain tissue
29
Q

What is permeable to the Brain Barrier system?

A
  • Highly permeable to water, glucose, and lipid soluble substances
  • coffee, alcohol, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nicotine, and anesthetics
30
Q

Where is the brain barrier system vulnerable?

A
  • trauma and inflammation an damage BBS and allow pathogens to enter brain tissue
  • Circumventricular organs–in 3rd and 4th ventricles (no BBS)
    • blood has direct access to brain
    • enables brain to monitor and respond to fluctuations in blood glucose, pH, osmolarity, etc.
    • CVOs afford a route for invasion by HIV
31
Q

Describe the functions of the medulla oblongata.

A
  • Begin at foramen magnum
  • Slightly wider than spinal cord
  • all ascending and descending fibers connecting to brain/spinal cord pass through here
  • Contains pyramids (and their decussations): large motor tracts from cerebrum to spinal cord
    • most neurons decuss here!!!
  • Autonomic functions
    • cardiac and vasomotor (blood pressure) center
    • respiratory center
    • reflex centers for swallowing, sneezing, couching, and vomiting
32
Q

What are cerebellar peduncles?

A

Thick stalks on posterior pons that connect it (and the midbrain) to the cerebellum.

33
Q

What is the function of the midbrain?

A
  • regulates auditory and visual reflexes
  • startle reflex
  • Contains cerebral aqueduct
34
Q

What is the reticular formation?

A
  • Loose web of gray matter that runs vertically through all levels of the brain stem
  • Has connections with many areas of cerebrum
  • Functions:
    • somatic motor control
      • adjust muscle tension for tone, balance, posture
      • central pattern generators for breathing and swallowing
      • Cardiovsacular centers of medulla oblongata
    • Pain modulation
      • some pains signals ascend through here
      • some descending analgesic pathways begin here
    • sleep and consciousness
      • alerts cerebral cortex to awaken from sleep; maintains alertness
    • Habituation
      • filters out reptitive and weak stimuli (99%)
35
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A
  • highly important in motor coordination
  • Aids in learning motor skills
  • Maintains muscle tone and posture
  • LEsions can cause ataxia
    • clumsy, awkward gait
36
Q
  • WHat are the functions of the hypothalamus?
A
  • controls and integrates activities of the Autonomic NS and the Endocrine System
  • Controls the pituitary gland
  • Produces hormones
  • REgulates rage, aggression, pain, pleasure, and arousal
  • Hunger, thirst, and satiety centers
  • Thermoregulation
  • Regulates daily patterns of sleep
37
Q

What is the function of the pineal gland?

A
  • secretes melatonin during darkness
  • promotes sleepiness and sets biological clock
38
Q

What is the function of the cerebrum?

A
  • Seat of sensory perception, memory, thought, judgement, and voluntary motor actions
39
Q

What is the limbic system and its components?

A
  • Emotional or affective brain
  • Cingulate gyrus
    • aids in expressing emotions
  • Hippocampus
    • memory functions
  • Amygdala
    • emotion functions
  • Compnents are connected through loop of fiber tracts
    • somewhat circular pattersn of feedback
  • Structures have centers for both gratification (pleasure/reward) and aversion (fear/sorrow)
  • There is a limbic system in each cerebral hemisphere
40
Q

What is the basal nuclei?

A
  • Masses of cerebral gray matter buried deep in the white matter, lateral to the thalamus
  • Control large automatic movements of skeletal muscles
    • unconscious body movements and facial expressions)
  • Uses dopamine
41
Q

What are the integrative functions of the brain?

A
  • Higher brain functions: sleep, memory, cognition, emotion, sensation, motor control, and language
  • Involve interactions between cerebral cortex, basal nuclei, brainstem, and cerebellum
  • Do not have easily defined anatomical boundaries
  • Focus on the cerebrum, but involve action of multiple brain levels
42
Q

What is an Electroencephalogram?

A
  • monitors surface electrical activity of the brain waves
  • used for studying normal brain functions such as sleep and consciousness
  • diagnoses degenerative brain diseases, metabolic abnormalities, brain tumors, etc.
  • lack of brain waves is common criteria of brain death
43
Q

What are the 3 functional areas of the cerebral cortex?

A
  • Motor areas: control voluntary movement
  • Sensory areas: conscious awareness of sensation
  • Association areas: integrate diverse information
  • Conscious behavior involves the entire cortex working together
44
Q

What is cognition?

A
  • The range of mental processes by which we acquire and use knowledge
    • sensory perception, thought, reasoning, judgement, memory, imagination, and intuition
  • Accomplished by distributed association areas of the cerebral cortex
    • about 75% of all brain tissue
45
Q

What is emotion?

A
  • Emotional feelings and memories are interactions between prefrontal cortex and diencephalon
  • Prefrontal cortex: seat of judgement, intent, and control over expression of emotions
    • fully matures at about age 25
  • Feelings: (fear, etc.) arises from the hypothalamus and the amygdala
46
Q

What makes up sensation in the brain?

A
  • primary sensory cortex: sites where sensory input is first received and one becomes conscious of the stimulus
  • Association areas: near primary sensory areas process and interpret that sensory information
    • Multimodal association areas: receive input from multiple senses and integrate this into an overall perception of our surroundings
47
Q

What are the special senses?

A
  • senses that require their own special organ
  • Vision
    • primary cortex
    • association area: makes cognitive sense of visual stimuli
  • Hearing
    • Primary auditory cortex
    • association area: recognizes spoken words, familiar piece of music, or voice on the phonw
  • Equilibrium
    • signals for balance and sense of motion: to cerebellum
    • Association cortex
      • lateral sulcus near the lower end of the central sulcus
      • consciousness of our body movements and orientation (balance) in space
48
Q

What are the general senses?

A
  • aka somesthetic, somatosensory, or somatic
  • distibuted over entire body and employ simple receptors
  • Touch, pressure, stretch, movement, heat, cold, and pain
  • Primary somatosensory cortex: provides awareness of stimulus
  • Somatosensory association area: makes cognitive sense of stimulus
  • Brought in by cranial nerve (ascending tracts)> thalamus processes input from contralateral side > parietal lobe
49
Q

What is motor control?

A
  • Motor association area of frontal lobes
    • where we plan our behavior (e.g. intention to contract a muscle)
    • Where neurons compile a program for muscle contraction
  • Program sent to the precentral gyrus (primary motor area)
    • neurons send signals to the brainstem>descending tracts in spinal cord> skeletal muscles
  • Basal nuclei and cerebellum also help
50
Q

What are Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas?

A
  • Wernicke’s area
    • usually in left hemisphere
    • permits recognition of spoken and written language
    • when we intend to speak, formulates phrases and transmits plan of speech to Broca’s
  • Broca’s area
    • usually in left hemisphere (frontal area–goes to muscle movement)
    • generates motor program for the muscles of the larynx, tongue, cheeks, and lips for speaking and hands when signing
    • transmits program to primary motor cortex for movement
  • Affective language area
    • usually in right hemisphere
    • lesions produce aprosody: flat, emotionless speech
51
Q

What is cerebral lateralization in the human brain?

A
  • Left hemisphere
    • specialized for spoken and written language
    • sequential and analytical reasoning
      • math and science
    • breaks info into fragments and analyzes it
  • Right hemisphere
    • seat of imagination and insight
    • musical and artistic skill
    • perception and patterns and spatial relationships
    • comparison of sights, sounds, smells, and taste
52
Q

What does the corpus callosum do in cerebral lateralization?

A
  • allows two hemispheres to communicate and coordinate their functions
  • transfers/integrates motor, sensory, and even cognitive information between the two hemispheres
  • If damaged, info processed in one hemisphere cannot reach the other
    • Symptoms: poor coordination, trouble with complex problem solving skills, seizures, developmental delays, trouble swallowing or feeding, social immaturity
53
Q

What are the cranial nerve pathways?

A
  • motor fibers of cranial nerves begin in nuclei of brainstem and lead to glands and muscles
  • Sensory fibers begin in receptors located mainly in the head and neck and lead mainly to the brainstem
  • most cranial nerves carry fibers between brainstem and ipsilateral receptors and effectors
    • exceptions: optic nerve and trochlear nerve
54
Q

What are the cranial nerve classifications?

A
  • Sensory (I, II, and VIII)
  • Motor (III, IV, VI, XI, and XII)
  • Mixed (V, VII, IX, X)

Anatomy and Physiology I (19 decks)

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