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ANAPHY LEC > SPECIAL SENSES > Flashcards

SPECIAL SENSES Flashcards

1
Q

Is the conscious or subconscious awareness of changes in the external or internal environment. Needs to satisfy the 4 conditions.

A

Sensation

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2
Q

It includes somatic and visceral senses.

A

General senses

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3
Q

sensations like touch, pressure, and vibration.

A

Tactile sensations

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4
Q

sensations like warm and cold

A

Thermal sensations

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5
Q

sensations like joint and muscle position movements

A

Proprioceptive sensations

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6
Q

4 sensations of the somatic senses

A

a. Tactile sensations
b. Thermal sensations
c. Pain sensations
d. Proprioceptive sensations

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7
Q

senses of the organs

A

VISCERAL SENSES

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8
Q

Include smell, taste, vision, hearing, and balance

A

SPECIAL SENSES

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9
Q

2 Types of senses

A

General & Special senses

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10
Q

4 CONDITIONS TO BE SATISFIED FOR A SENSATION TO OCCUR:

A
  1. Stimulus
  2. Sensory receptor
  3. Nerve impulses
  4. Region of the brain receiving and integrating nerve impulse
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11
Q

a change in the environment, capable of activating certain sensory neurons, must occur. Can be in a form of light, heat, pressure, mechanical or chemical energy.

A

Stimulus

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12
Q

must convert the stimulus to an electrical signal, which ultimately produces one or more nerve impulses if it is large enough.

A

Sensory receptor

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13
Q

must be conducted along a neural pathway from the sensory receptor to the brain.

A

Nerve impulses

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14
Q

must receive and integrate the nerve impulses into a sensation.

A

A Region of the brain

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15
Q

the conscious awareness and interpretation of sensations and is primarily a function of the cerebral cortex. Is more subjective.

A

PERCEPTION

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16
Q

a decrease in sensation during a prolonged stimulus. Some receptors are rapidly adapting; others are slowly adapting.

A

ADAPTATION

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17
Q

Rapidly adapting sensations

A

pressure, touch, smell

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18
Q

Slowly adapting sensations

A

pain, body position, chemical composition of blood

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19
Q

3 CLASSIFICATIONS OF SENSORY RECEPTORS BASED ON STRUCTURE:

A
  1. Free nerve endings
  2. Encapsulated nerve endings
  3. Separate cells
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20
Q

receptors for pain, temperature, tickle, itch, and some touch sensations.

A

Free nerve endings

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21
Q

for other somatic and visceral sensations such as touch, pressure, and vibration sensations.

A

Encapsulated nerve endings

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22
Q

specialized, separate cells that synapse with sensory neurons (e.g. hair cells in inner ear).

A

Separate cells

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23
Q

Bare dendrites associated with pain, thermal, tickle, itch, and some touch sensations.

A

Free nerve endings

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24
Q

Dendrites enclosed in a connective tissue capsule for pressure, vibration, and some touch sensations.

A

Encapsulated nerve endings

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25
Q

Receptor cell that synapses with first-order neuron; located in the retina of the eye (photoreceptors), inner ear (hair cells), and taste buds of the tongue (gustatory receptor cells)

A

Separate cells

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26
Q

Classification of sensory receptors are based on?

A

Structure and Function

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27
Q

6 CLASSIFICATIONS OF SENSORY RECEPTORS BASED ON FUNCTION:

A
  1. Mechanoreceptors
  2. Thermoreceptors
  3. Nociceptors
  4. Photoreceptors
  5. Chemoreceptors
  6. Osmoreceptors
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28
Q

Detect mechanical pressure; provide sensations of touch, pressure, vibrations, proprioception, and hearing and equilibrium; also monitor stretching of blood vessels and internal organs

A

Mechanoreceptors

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29
Q

Detect changes in temperature.

A

Thermoreceptors

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30
Q

Respond to painful stimuli resulting from physical or chemical damage to tissue.

A

Nociceptors

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31
Q

Detect light that strikes the retina of the eye.

A

Photoreceptors

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32
Q

Detect chemicals in mouth (taste), nose (Smell), and body fluids.

A

Chemoreceptors

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33
Q

Sense the osmotic pressure of body fluids.

A

Osmoreceptors

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34
Q

Arise from stimulation of sensory receptors in the skin, mucous membranes, muscles, tendons, and joints.

A

SOMATIC SENSATIONS

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35
Q

: Tactile receptors in skin and subcutaneous layer (Meissner corpuscles in the dermis)
: Cutaneous mechanoreceptors (in the epidermis and dermis)

A

Touch

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36
Q

: Deeper sensations (lamellated or pacinian corpuscles in the dermis)
: Internally around joints, tendons, muscles, external ganglia, etc.

A

Pressure

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37
Q

: detects high and low frequency sensations

A

Vibration Sensation

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38
Q

: Stimulation of free nerve endings (from chemicals or from touch)

A

Itch and tickle

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39
Q

Allow us to know where our head and limbs are located and how they are moving even if we are not looking at them.

A

PROPRIOCEPTIVE SENSATIONS

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40
Q

sensory receptors for pain that are located in the skeletal muscles, tendons, synovial joints, and inner ear (hair cells).

A

Proprioceptors

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41
Q

perception of body movements

A

KINESTHESIA

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42
Q

Receptors for the special senses: are housed in complex sensory organs such as the

A

eyes and ears.

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43
Q

5 special senses:

A 
	Smell
	Taste
	Sight
	Hearing
	Equilibrium
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44
Q

study of the eye and its disorders.

A

OPTHALMOLOGY

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45
Q

the science that deals with the ears, nose, and throat and their disorders.

A

OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY

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46
Q

• The nose contains ___ for the sense of smell

A

10 – 100 million receptors

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47
Q

occupies the upper portion of the nasal cavity and consists of the 3 types of cells

A

OLFACTION EPITHELIUM

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48
Q

3 types of cells of the olfaction epithelium:

A
  1. Olfactory receptors
  2. Supporting cells
  3. Basal cells
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49
Q

sense of smell

A

olfaction

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50
Q

: Columnar epithelial cells of the mucous membrane lining of the nose.
: Provide physical support, nourishment, and electrical insulation for olfactory receptor cell.
: Help detoxify chemicals that come in contact w/ the olfactory epithelium.

A

Supporting cells

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51
Q

: Stem cells located between the bases of the supporting cells.
: Continually undergo cell division to produce new olfactory receptor cells
: Live only for a month before being replaced.

A

Basal cells

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52
Q

sense of taste

A

GUSTATION

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53
Q

5 primary tastes:

A 
	Sour
	Sweet
	Bitter
	Salty
	Umami (savory/ meaty)
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54
Q 
\:	Where taste receptors are found
\:	Located on tongue papillae
\:	10,000 are found mostly on the tongue
\:	Some on the roof of the mouth, pharynx, epiglottis
\:	Lifespan: 10 days
A

Taste buds

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55
Q

of taste buds found in the tongue

A

10,000

56
Q

Lifespan of taste buds

A

10 days

57
Q

meaning bumps

A

papillae

58
Q

What are the 4 papillae?

A
  1. Vallate Papillae
  2. Fungiform Papillae
  3. Foliate Papillae
  4. Filiform Papillae
59
Q

Form an inverted V-shape row at the back of the tongue. About 12 that contain 100-300 taste buds.

A

Vallate Papillae

60
Q

Mushroom-shaped elevations scattered over the tongue with about 5 taste buds each.

A

Fungiform Papillae

61
Q

Located in lateral trenches of the tongue – most of their taste buds degenerate in early childhood.

A

Foliate Papillae

62
Q

Cover the entire surface of the tongue.

Contain tactile receptors but no taste buds.

Increase friction to make it easier for the tongue to move food within the mouth.

A

Filiform Papillae

63
Q

dissolved in the saliva and enter taste pores.

A

TASTANT

64
Q

3 CRANIAL NERVES THAT INNERVATE THE TASTE BUDS

A
  1. Facial Nerve (VII)
  2. Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX)
  3. Vagus Nerve (X)
65
Q

Impulses for taste conduct to the:

A
  1. medulla oblongata
  2. limbic system
  3. hypothalamus
  4. thalamus
  5. primary gustatory area in the parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex
66
Q

SENSE OF TASTE PATHWAY

A
  1. Release of neurotransmitter molecules from gustatory receptor cells
  2. First order neuron
  3. Gustatory receptors in taste buds
67
Q

5 ACCESSORY STRUCTURES OF THE EYES

A
  1. Eyebrows
  2. Eyelashes
  3. Eyelids
  4. Extrinsic eye muscles
  5. Lacrimal apparatus
68
Q

control eyelid movement

A

PALPEBRAL MUSCLES

69
Q

responsible for moving the eyeball in all directions.

A

EXTRINSIC EYE MUSCLES

70
Q

Provide the action and insertion of the extrinsic eye muscle:

Superior Rectus

A

Action: Upward & medially

Insertion: Superior and central part of eyeball

71
Q

Provide the action and insertion of the extrinsic eye muscle:

Inferior rectus

A

Action: Downward & medially

Insertion: Inferior and central part of eyeball

72
Q

Provide the action and insertion of the extrinsic eye muscle:

Lateral rectus

A

Action: Laterally

Insertion: Lateral side of eyeball

73
Q

Provide the action and insertion of the extrinsic eye muscle:

Medial rectus

A

Action: Medially

Insertion: Medial side of eyeball

74
Q

Provide the action and insertion of the extrinsic eye muscle:

Superior Oblique

A

Action: Downward & laterally; rotates medially

Insertion: Eyeball between superior and lateral recti; Trochlea

75
Q

Provide the action and insertion of the extrinsic eye muscle:

Inferior Oblique

A

Action: Upward & laterally; rotates medially

Insertion: Eyeball between inferior and lateral recti

76
Q

a thin, protective mucous membrane that lines the eyelids and covers the sclera.

A

CONJUCTIVA

77
Q

a fold of connective tissue that gives form to the eyelids. Contains a row of sebaceous glands (tarsal glands/ Meibomian glands) that keeps the eyelids from sticking to each other.

A

TARSAL PLATE

78
Q

produces and drains tears.

A

LACRIMAL APPARATUS

79
Q

Pathway for tears:

A 
	lacrimal glands
	lacrimal ducts
	lacrimal puncta
	lacrimal canaliculi
	lacrimal sac
	nasolacrimal ducts (carry the tears into the nasal cavity)
	nasal cavity
80
Q

3 LAYERS OF THE EYEBALL

A
  1. FIBROUS TUNIC
  2. VASCULAR TUNIC
  3. RETINA
81
Q

outer coat of the eyeball (cornea and sclera)

A

FIBROUS TUNIC

82
Q

middle layer of the eyeball (choroid, ciliary body, & iris)

A

VASCULAR TUNIC

83
Q

inner layer of the eyeball

A

RETINA

84
Q

2 layers of the retina

A

a) Neural Layer

b) Pigmented Layer

85
Q

photoreceptor layer, bipolar cell layer, and ganglion cell layer.

A

Neural Layer

86
Q

sheet of melanin-containing epithelial cells.

A

Pigmented Layer

87
Q

2 cavities of the interior eyeball that is divided by the lens

A

Anterior cavity and Vitreous chamber

88
Q

contains aqueous humor (produces intraocular pressure within the eye).

A

Anterior Cavity

89
Q

contains the vitreous body (helps the eyeball from collapsing and hold retina)

A

Vitreous Chamber

90
Q

Admits and refracts (bends) light.

A

Cornea

91
Q

Provides shape and protects inner parts.

A

Sclera

92
Q

Regulates the amount of light that enters eyeball.

A

Iris

93
Q

Secretes aqueous humor and alters the shape of the lens for near or far vision (accommodation).

A

Ciliary Body

94
Q

Provides blood supply and absorbs scattered light.

A

Choroid

95
Q

Receives light and converts it into nerve impulses.

Provides output to brain via axons of ganglion cells, which form the optic (II) nerve.

A

Retina

96
Q

Refracts light.

A

Lens

97
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

For viewing close objects, the lens DECREASES its curvature (accommodation).

A

FALSE

For viewing close objects, the lens INCREASES its curvature (accommodation).

98
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

For viewing close objects, the pupil constricts to ALLOW light rays from entering the eye through the periphery of the lens.

A

FALSE

For viewing close objects, the pupil constricts to PREVENT light rays from entering the eye through the periphery of the lens.

99
Q

near-sightedness

A

Myopia

100
Q

farsightedness

A

Hyperopia

101
Q

irregular curvature of the cornea or lens

A

Astigmatism

102
Q

specialized cells in the photo pigment that begin the process by which light rays are converted into nerve impulses.

A

PHOTORECEPTORS

103
Q

allows us to see shades of gray in dim light, such as moonlight.

A

Rods

104
Q

stimulated by bright light; gives color vision.

A

Cones

105
Q

Two types of photoreceptors

A
  1. Rods

2. Cones

106
Q

substance that can absorb light and undergo a change in structure.

A

PHOTOPIGMENT (VISUAL PIGMENT)

107
Q

photopigment in rods (non-functional in daylight)

A

Rhodopsin

108
Q

collects sound waves and channels them inward.

A

EXTERNAL (OUTER) EAR

109
Q

conveys sound vibrations to the oval window.

A

MIDDLE EAR

110
Q

houses the receptors for hearing and equilibrium

A

INTERNAL (INNER) EAR

111
Q

3 main regions of the ear

A
  1. EXTERNAL (OUTER) EAR
  2. MIDDLE EAR
  3. INTERNAL (INNER) EAR
112
Q

Components of the external ear

A
  • Auricle
  • External Auditory Canal
  • Eardrum
113
Q

Components of the middle ear

A
  • Auditory (eustaschian) tube
  • Auditory Ossicles
  • Oval Window
114
Q

Components of the inner ear

A
  • Bony Labyrinth
  • Membranous Labyrinth
  • Spiral Organ (organ of Corti): organ of hearing
115
Q

Auditory Pathway

A
  1. Sensory neurons in the cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear
  2. Medulla Oblongata
  3. Midbrain
  4. Thalamus
  5. Temporal Lobes
116
Q

orientation of the body relative to the pull of gravity. (utricle and saccule)

A

STATIC EQUILIBRIUM

117
Q

the maintenance of body position in response to rotational acceleration and deceleration.

A

DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM

118
Q

Equilibrium pathways

A
  1. Vestibular branch axons of vestibulocochlear (VII) nerve
  2. Brain stem
  3. Medulla or Cerebellum, & pons
  4. Synapse with the next neurons in the equilibrium pathways
  5. Cranial nerves for eye, head, and neck movements
119
Q

structure of the external ear that collects sound wave

A

Auricle

120
Q

Directs sound waves to the eardrum

A

External Auditory Canal

121
Q

Sound waves cause it to vibrate, which in turn causes the malleus to vibrate

A

Eardrum

122
Q

Transmit and amplify vibrations from tympanic membrane to oval window

A

Auditory Ossicles

123
Q

Equalizes air pressure on both sides of tympanic membrane

A

Auditory Tube

124
Q

Contains a series of fluids, channels, and membranes that transmits vibrations to the spiral organ (organ of Corti); Hair organs in spiral organ trigger nerve impulses in the cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerve

A

Cochlea

125
Q

Generate nerve impulses in that propagate along the vestibular branch of the vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerve

A

Vestibular Apparatus

126
Q

Contain cristae, sites of hair cells for dynamic equilibrium

A

Semicircular ducts

127
Q

Contains macula, site of hair cells for static equilibrium

A

Utricle and Saccule

128
Q

System where

Sympathetic nerves of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) control contraction of smooth muscles attached to hair follicles and secretion of perspiration from sweat glands.

A

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

129
Q

System where

Pain receptors in bone tissue warn of bone trauma or damage.

A

SKELETAL SYSTEM

130
Q

System where

Somatic motor neurons receive instructions from motor areas of the brain and stimulate contraction of skeletal muscles to bring about body movements.

Basal nuclei and reticular formation level of muscle tone.

Cerebellum coordinates skilled movements.

A

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

131
Q

System where

Hypothalamus regulates secretion of hormones from anterior and posterior pituitary.

ANS regulates secretion of hormones from adrenal medulla and pancreas.

A

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

132
Q

System where

Cardiovascular center in the medulla oblongata provides nerve impulses to ANS that govern heart rate and the forcefulness of the heartbeat.

Nerve impulses from ANS also regulate blood pressure and blood flow through blood vessels.

A

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

133
Q

System where

Certain neurotransmitters help regulate immune responses.

Activity in nervous system may increase or decrease immune responses.

A

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND IMMUNITY

134
Q

System where

Respiratory areas in brain stem control breathing rate and depth.

ANS help regulate diameter of airways.

A

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

135
Q

System where

Enteric division of the ANS helps regulate digestion.

Parasympathetic division of ANS stimulates many digestive processes.

A

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

136
Q

ANS helps regulate blood flow to kidneys, thereby influencing the rate of urine formation.

Brain and spinal cord centers govern emptying of urinary bladder.

A

URINARY SYSTEM

137
Q

System where

Hypothalamus and limbic system govern a variety of sexual behaviors.

ANS brings about erection of penis in males and clitoris in females and ejaculation of semen in males.

Hypothalamus regulates release of pituitary hormones that control gonads (ovaries and testes).

Nerve impulses elicited by touch stimuli from suckling infant cause release of oxytocin and milk ejaculation in nursing mothers

A

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS

ANAPHY LEC (8 decks)

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