DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Flashcards
1
Q
Functions of the digestive system
A
- Take in food
- Break down foods
- Absorb digested materials
- Provide nutrients
- Eliminate waste
2
Q
Layer of smooth epithelial tissue
A
PERITONEUM
3
Q
connective tissues of organs in abdominal cavity
A
Mesenteries
4
Q
Mesentery connecting lesser curvature
A
Lesser Omentum
5
Q
mesentery connecting greater curvature of stomach to transverse colon and posterior body wall.
A
Greater Omentum
6
Q
: First part of digestive system
: Contains stratified squamous epithelia
A
ORAL CAVITY
7
Q
: Produce saliva which contains enzyme to breakdown carbohydrates into glucose
: Cleanse mouth
: Dissolve and moisten food
A
SALIVARY GLANDS
8
Q
Salivary enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates into glucose.
A
Amylase
9
Q
Salivary enzymes that are active against bacteria.
A
Lysozyme
10
Q
houses taste buds and mucus
A
TONGUE
11
Q
Center of each tooth
A
PULP CAVITY
12
Q
: 32 teeth in normal adult
: Incisors, canine, premolars, molars, wisdom tooth
: 20 primary teeth (baby teeth)
: Each tooth has crown, cusp, neck, & root
A
TEETH
13
Q
of baby teeth
A
20
14
Q
teeth in normal adult
A
32
15
Q
Roof of the oral cavity
A
PALATE
16
Q
2 palates
A
- Hard
2. Soft
17
Q
anterior part (palate)
A
HARD PALATE
18
Q
posterior part (palate)
A
SOFT PALATE
19
Q
: Includes submandibular, sublingual, parotid
: Produce saliva that contains enzymes to breakdown food
A
SALIVARY GLANDS
20
Q
is inflammation of parotid gland. Usually caused by a virus.
A
MUMPS
21
Q
3 types of glands
A
- Parotid Gland
- Submandibular Gland
- Sublingual Gland
22
Q
Secretion of parotid gland
A
Purely serous
23
Q
Secretion of submandibular gland
A
Mixed, predominantly serous
24
Q
Secretion of sublingual gland
A
Mixed, predominantly mucous
25
Largest salivary gland; outer of masseter muscles.
Parotid gland
26
Where secretion of parotid gland passes through.
Parotid duct
27
Below mandibular bone
Submandibular gland
28
Where secretion of submandibular gland passes through.
Submandibular duct
29
Gland located at the Inferior of the tongue.
Sublingual gland
30
Where secretion of sublingual gland passes through.
Sublingual ducts
31
: Throat
| : Connects mouth to esophagus
PHARYNX
32
3 parts of the pharynx
1. Nasopharynx
2. Oropharynx
3. Laryngopharnx
33
: Tube that connects pharynx to stomach
: Transport food to stomach
: Joins stomach at cardiac opening
ESOPHAGUS
34
: Occurs when gastric juices regurgitate into esophagus.
: Caused by caffeine, smoking, or eating or drinking in excess.
: Mimics heart attack.
: Hyperacidity
HEARTBURN
35
4 phases of swallowing
1. VOLUNTARY PHASE
2. PHARYNGEAL PHASE
3. ESOPHAGEAL PHASE
4. PERISTALSIS
36
Bolus (mass of food) formed in mouth and pushed into oropharynx.
VOLUNTARY PHASE
37
Swallowing reflex initiated when bolus stimulates receptors in oropharynx.
PHARYNGEAL PHASE
38
Moves food from pharynx to stomach.
ESOPHAGEAL PHASE
39
Wave-like contractions that moves food through digestive tract (Myenteric plexus / Auerbach’s plexus). Found on the muscular layer of the digestive tract wherein peristalsis occurs.
PERISTALSIS
40
1. A wave of smooth muscle relaxation moves ahead of the bolus, allowing the digestive tract to expand.
2. A wave of contraction of the smooth muscle behind the bolus propels it through the digestive tract.
PERISTALSIS
41
: Located in the abdomen
: Storage tank for food
: Produces mucus, hydrochloric acid, protein digesting enzymes
: Contains thick mucus layer that lubricates and protects epithelial cells on stomach wall from acidic pH (3)
: Can hold up to 2 liters of food.
STOMACH
42
How much can the stomach hold?
2 L
43
Parts of the stomach that functions to produce churning action.
Thick muscular layer
44
Large folds that allow stomach to stretch.
Rugae
45
Opening between the stomach and small intestine.
Pyloric opening
46
Thick, ring of smooth muscle around pyloric opening. Regulate the passage of food from the stomach to the small intestine.
Pyloric sphincter
47
paste-like substance that forms when food begins to be broken down. From small intestine and large intestine.
CHYME
48
stomach is stimulated to contract by low blood glucose levels usually 12-24 hours after a meal.
HUNGER PANGS
49
• Parasympathetic stimulation, gastrin, histamine increase stomach secretions
REGULATION OF THE STOMACH SECRETIONS
50
3 Phases of stomach secretion/ digestion
1. Cephalic phase
2. Gastric phase
3. Intestinal phase
51
: 1st phase
| : Stomach secretions are initiated by sight, smell, taste, or food thought
CEPHALIC PHASE
52
: Partially designed proteins and distention of stomach promote secretion
GASTRIC PHASE
53
: Acidic chime stimulates neuronal reflexes and secretions of hormones that inhibit gastric secretions by negative feedback loops.
INTESTINAL PHASE
54
2 Movements in the stomach
1. Mixing waves
| 2. Peristaltic waves
55
: Weak contraction
| : Thoroughly mix food to form chime
Mixing waves
56
: Stronger contraction
| : Force chime toward and through pyloric sphincter
Peristaltic waves
57
TRUE OR FALSE
Stomach empties every 6-8 hrs. after regular meal, and 4 hrs. after high fatty meal.
FALSE
Stomach empties every 4 hrs. after regular meal, and 6-8 hrs. after high fatty meal.
58
cells of the gastric gland that secretes Gastrin
G cells / enteroendo-crine cells
59
cells of the gastric gland that secretes Mucin in an alkaline fluid
Surface mucous cells
60
cells of the gastric gland that secretes Mucin in an acidic fluid
Mucus neck cells
61
cells of the gastric gland that secretes HCl & intrinsic factor
Parietal cells
62
cells of the gastric gland that secretes Pepsinogen & lipase
Chief cells
63
mixed to the food to become acidic chime
HCl
64
involved in the reabsorption of vitamin B12.
Intrinsic factor
65
: Measures 6 meters in length
: Major absorptive organ
: Chyme takes 3-5 hrs. to pass through
: Contains enzymes to further breakdown food
: Contains secretions for protection against chyme’s acidity.
SMALL INTESTINE
66
3 PARTS OF THE SMALL INTESTINE
1. DUODENUM
2. JEJUNUM
3. ILEUM
67
```
: Largest diameter
: 25 cm long, smallest part
: Contains absorptive cells, goblet cells, granular cells, endocrine cells
: Contains microvilli and many folds
: Contains bile and pancreatic ducts
```
DUODENUM
68
: 2.5 meters long and absorbs nutrients
JEJUNUM
69
: 3.5 meters long, longest part
ILEUM
70
: Function is to absorb water from indigestible food
: 10% of absorption
: Contains cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal
LARGE INTESTINE
71
: Joins small intestine at ileocecal junction
: Has appendix attached
: most proximal to appendix
CECUM
72
: 1.5 meters long
| : Contains ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid regions
COLON
73
: Straight tube that begins at sigmoid and ends at anal canal.
RECTUM
74
: Last 2-3 cm of digestive tract
: Food takes 18-24 hours to pass through
: Feces is product of water, indigestible food, and microbes
: Microbes synthesize vitamin K
ANAL CANAL
75
: 9 cm structure that is often removed
Appendix
76
characterized by right lower quadrant pain.
APPENDICITIS
77
removal of appendix
APPENDECTOMY
78
: Bands of smooth muscle along the length of the colon
Teniae Coli
79
Accessory organs of digestion
1. Liver
2. Spleen
3. Pancreas
4. Gallbladder
80
: Weighs about 3 lbs.
: In right upper quadrant of abdomen under diaphragm
: Right, left, caudate, quadrate lobes
LIVER
81
: Gate where blood vessels, ducts, nerves enter and exit.
| : Receives blood from hepatic artery that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the liver.
Porta
82
4 LIVER DUCTS:
1. Hepatic duct
2. Common hepatic duct
3. Cystic duct
4. Common bile duct
83
Transport bile out of liver. (R&L)
Hepatic duct
84
Formed from left and right hepatic ducts.
Common hepatic duct
85
Joins common hepatic duct; from gall bladder.
Cystic duct
86
Formed from common hepatic duct and cystic duct.
Common bile duct
87
Most important part of the duodenum
Second part of the duodenum
88
The tail of the pancreas is
| ___ to the spleen
adjacent
89
FUNCTIONS OF THE LIVER
1. Digestive and excretory functions
2. Stores and processes nutrients
3. Detoxifies harmful chemicals
4. Synthesizes new molecules
5. Secretes 700 mL of bile each day.
90
dilutes and neutralizes stomach acid and breaks down fats.
BILE
91
: Small sac on inferior surface of liver
| : Stores and concentrates bile.
GALLBLADDER
92
causes the gallbladder to contract, thereby releasing bile into the duodenum.
Vagus nerve stimulation
93
produced by the duodenum (purple arrows) and carried through the circulation to the liver, stimulates bile secretion by the liver
Secretin
94
produced by the duodenum (pink arrows) and carried through the circulation to the gallbladder, stimulates the gallbladder to contract, thereby releasing bile into the duodenum
Cholecystokinin
95
also stimulate bile secretion
Bile salts
96
: Located posterior to stomach in inferior part of left upper quadrant.
: Head near midline of body.
: Tail extends to left and touches spleen.
: Endocrine tissues have pancreatic islet that produce insulin and glucagon (hormones that control glucose production in the body).
: Exocrine tissues produce digestive enzymes.
PANCREAS
97
inflammation of the pancreas. Epigastric pain that radiates at the back.
ACUTE PANCREATITIS
98
Tests for acute pancreatitis. Pancreatic Lipase is more specific.
AMYLASE AND LIPASE
99
most common location of pancreatic cancer
HEAD OF PANCREAS
100
Digestive part of the pancreas
Pancreatic acinus/acini cells
101
Endocrine part of the pancreas
Islets of Langerhans
102
Increases glucose in the blood
Glucagon
103
Decreases glucose in blood
Insulin
104
from the vagus nerve (red arrow) causes the pancreas to release a secretion rich in digestive enzymes.
Parasympathetic stimulation
105
released from the duodenum, stimulates the pancreas to release a watery secretion rich in bicarbonate ions.
Secretin
106
released from the duodenum, causes the pancreas to release a secretion rich in digestive enzymes.
Cholecystokinin
107
Breakdown of food occurs in stomach and mouth.
DIGESTION
108
Moves food through digestive tract.
Includes swallowing and peristalsis.
PROPULSION
109
Primarily in duodenum and jejunum of small intestine.
ABSORTION
110
Elimination of waste in the form of feces
DEFECATION
111
Enzyme in the mouth that converts carbohydrates to polysaccharides
Salivary amylase
112
Enzyme in the duodenum that converts carbohydrates to disaccharides
Pancreatic amylase
113
Enzyme in the epithelium of the small intestine that converts carbohydrates to monosaccharides
disaccharidases
114
Enzymes in the duodenum that converts lipids into fatty acids / monoglycerides
1. Bile salts (liver)
| 2. Lipase (pancreas)
115
Enzymes in the stomach that converts proteins into polypeptides
pepsin
116
Enzymes in the duodenum that converts proteins into peptides
Trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase (pancreas)
117
Enzymes in the epithelium of the small intestine that converts proteins into amino acids
peptidases
118
1. Glucose is absorbed by symport with Na+ into intestinal epithelial cells.
2. Symport is driven by a sodium gradient established by a Na+ - K+ pump.
3. Glucose moves out of the intestinal epithelial cells by facilitated diffusion.
4. Glucose enters the capillaries of the intestinal villi and is carried through the hepatic portal vein to the liver.
MONOSACCHARIDE GLUCOSE TRANSPORT
119
: Bile salts emulsify lipids
: Lipase breaks down lipids which form micelles
: Micelles are in contact with intestinal epithelial cells and diffuse with cells where they are packaged and released into lacteals.
: Lipids are stored in adipose tissue and liver.
LIPID DIGESTION
120
1. Bile salts surround fatty acids and monoglycerides to form micelles.
2. Micelles attach to the cell membranes of intestinal epithelial cells, and the fatty acids and monoglycerides pass by simple diffusion into the intestinal epithelial cells.
3. Within the intestinal epithelial cell, the fatty acids and monoglycerides are converted to triglycerides; proteins coat the triglycerides to form chylomicrons, which move out of the intestinal epithelial cells by exocytosis.
4. The chylomicrons enter the lacteals of the intestinal villi and are carried through the lymphatic system to the general circulation.
LIPID TRANSPORT
121
: Proteins are spilt into polypeptides by enzymes secreted by stomach and pancreas
: Peptides and amino acids are absorbed into intestinal epithelial cells.
: Amino acids are actively transported into cells (help from GH and insulin)
: Amino acids used to build new proteins.
PROTEIN DIGESTION
122
1. Acidic and mot neutral amino acids are absorbed by symport into intestinal epithelial cells.
2. Symport is driven by a sodium gradient established by a Na+ - K+ pump
3. Amino acids move out of the intestinal epithelial cells.
4. Amino acids enter the capillaries of the intestinal villi and are carries through the hepatic portal vein to the liver.
AMINO ACID TRANSPORT
123
: Water can move across intestinal wall in either direction.
: Depends on osmotic conditions.
: 99% of water entering intestine is absorbed.
: Minerals are actively transported across wall of small intestine.
WATER AND MINERALS
124
Fluid volume during ingestion
2 L
125
Fluid volume in salivary gland secretion
1 L
126
Fluid volume in gastric secretion
2 L
127
Fluid volume in pancreatic secretion
1.2 L
128
Fluid volume in bile secretion
0.7 L
129
Fluid volume in small intestine secretions
2 L
130
Fluid volume absorbed in the small intestine
92%
131
Fluid volume absorbed in the large intestine
6% - 7%
132
Fluid volume in feces
1%
133
Formula for water in feces
Water in feces = ingested + secreted - absorbed
