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ANAPHY LEC > DIGESTIVE SYSTEM > Flashcards

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the digestive system

A
  1. Take in food
  2. Break down foods
  3. Absorb digested materials
  4. Provide nutrients
  5. Eliminate waste
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2
Q

Layer of smooth epithelial tissue

A

PERITONEUM

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3
Q

connective tissues of organs in abdominal cavity

A

Mesenteries

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4
Q

Mesentery connecting lesser curvature

A

Lesser Omentum

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5
Q

mesentery connecting greater curvature of stomach to transverse colon and posterior body wall.

A

Greater Omentum

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6
Q

: First part of digestive system

: Contains stratified squamous epithelia

A

ORAL CAVITY

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7
Q

: Produce saliva which contains enzyme to breakdown carbohydrates into glucose
: Cleanse mouth
: Dissolve and moisten food

A

SALIVARY GLANDS

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8
Q

Salivary enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates into glucose.

A

Amylase

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9
Q

Salivary enzymes that are active against bacteria.

A

Lysozyme

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10
Q

houses taste buds and mucus

A

TONGUE

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11
Q

Center of each tooth

A

PULP CAVITY

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12
Q

: 32 teeth in normal adult
: Incisors, canine, premolars, molars, wisdom tooth
: 20 primary teeth (baby teeth)
: Each tooth has crown, cusp, neck, & root

A

TEETH

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13
Q

of baby teeth

A

20

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14
Q

teeth in normal adult

A

32

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15
Q

Roof of the oral cavity

A

PALATE

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16
Q

2 palates

A
  1. Hard

2. Soft

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17
Q

anterior part (palate)

A

HARD PALATE

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18
Q

posterior part (palate)

A

SOFT PALATE

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19
Q

: Includes submandibular, sublingual, parotid

: Produce saliva that contains enzymes to breakdown food

A

SALIVARY GLANDS

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20
Q

is inflammation of parotid gland. Usually caused by a virus.

A

MUMPS

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21
Q

3 types of glands

A
  1. Parotid Gland
  2. Submandibular Gland
  3. Sublingual Gland
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22
Q

Secretion of parotid gland

A

Purely serous

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23
Q

Secretion of submandibular gland

A

Mixed, predominantly serous

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24
Q

Secretion of sublingual gland

A

Mixed, predominantly mucous

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25
Q

Largest salivary gland; outer of masseter muscles.

A

Parotid gland

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26
Q

Where secretion of parotid gland passes through.

A

Parotid duct

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27
Q

Below mandibular bone

A

Submandibular gland

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28
Q

Where secretion of submandibular gland passes through.

A

Submandibular duct

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29
Q

Gland located at the Inferior of the tongue.

A

Sublingual gland

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30
Q

Where secretion of sublingual gland passes through.

A

Sublingual ducts

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31
Q

: Throat

: Connects mouth to esophagus

A

PHARYNX

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32
Q

3 parts of the pharynx

A
  1. Nasopharynx
  2. Oropharynx
  3. Laryngopharnx
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33
Q

: Tube that connects pharynx to stomach
: Transport food to stomach
: Joins stomach at cardiac opening

A

ESOPHAGUS

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34
Q

: Occurs when gastric juices regurgitate into esophagus.
: Caused by caffeine, smoking, or eating or drinking in excess.
: Mimics heart attack.
: Hyperacidity

A

HEARTBURN

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35
Q

4 phases of swallowing

A
  1. VOLUNTARY PHASE
  2. PHARYNGEAL PHASE
  3. ESOPHAGEAL PHASE
  4. PERISTALSIS
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36
Q

Bolus (mass of food) formed in mouth and pushed into oropharynx.

A

VOLUNTARY PHASE

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37
Q

Swallowing reflex initiated when bolus stimulates receptors in oropharynx.

A

PHARYNGEAL PHASE

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38
Q

Moves food from pharynx to stomach.

A

ESOPHAGEAL PHASE

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39
Q

Wave-like contractions that moves food through digestive tract (Myenteric plexus / Auerbach’s plexus). Found on the muscular layer of the digestive tract wherein peristalsis occurs.

A

PERISTALSIS

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40
Q
  1. A wave of smooth muscle relaxation moves ahead of the bolus, allowing the digestive tract to expand.
  2. A wave of contraction of the smooth muscle behind the bolus propels it through the digestive tract.
A

PERISTALSIS

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41
Q

: Located in the abdomen
: Storage tank for food
: Produces mucus, hydrochloric acid, protein digesting enzymes
: Contains thick mucus layer that lubricates and protects epithelial cells on stomach wall from acidic pH (3)
: Can hold up to 2 liters of food.

A

STOMACH

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42
Q

How much can the stomach hold?

A

2 L

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43
Q

Parts of the stomach that functions to produce churning action.

A

Thick muscular layer

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44
Q

Large folds that allow stomach to stretch.

A

Rugae

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45
Q

Opening between the stomach and small intestine.

A

Pyloric opening

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46
Q

Thick, ring of smooth muscle around pyloric opening. Regulate the passage of food from the stomach to the small intestine.

A

Pyloric sphincter

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47
Q

paste-like substance that forms when food begins to be broken down. From small intestine and large intestine.

A

CHYME

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48
Q

stomach is stimulated to contract by low blood glucose levels usually 12-24 hours after a meal.

A

HUNGER PANGS

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49
Q

• Parasympathetic stimulation, gastrin, histamine increase stomach secretions

A

REGULATION OF THE STOMACH SECRETIONS

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50
Q

3 Phases of stomach secretion/ digestion

A
  1. Cephalic phase
  2. Gastric phase
  3. Intestinal phase
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51
Q

: 1st phase

: Stomach secretions are initiated by sight, smell, taste, or food thought

A

CEPHALIC PHASE

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52
Q

: Partially designed proteins and distention of stomach promote secretion

A

GASTRIC PHASE

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53
Q

: Acidic chime stimulates neuronal reflexes and secretions of hormones that inhibit gastric secretions by negative feedback loops.

A

INTESTINAL PHASE

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54
Q

2 Movements in the stomach

A
  1. Mixing waves

2. Peristaltic waves

55
Q

: Weak contraction

: Thoroughly mix food to form chime

A

Mixing waves

56
Q

: Stronger contraction

: Force chime toward and through pyloric sphincter

A

Peristaltic waves

57
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Stomach empties every 6-8 hrs. after regular meal, and 4 hrs. after high fatty meal.

A

FALSE

Stomach empties every 4 hrs. after regular meal, and 6-8 hrs. after high fatty meal.

58
Q

cells of the gastric gland that secretes Gastrin

A

G cells / enteroendo-crine cells

59
Q

cells of the gastric gland that secretes Mucin in an alkaline fluid

A

Surface mucous cells

60
Q

cells of the gastric gland that secretes Mucin in an acidic fluid

A

Mucus neck cells

61
Q

cells of the gastric gland that secretes HCl & intrinsic factor

A

Parietal cells

62
Q

cells of the gastric gland that secretes Pepsinogen & lipase

A

Chief cells

63
Q

mixed to the food to become acidic chime

A

HCl

64
Q

involved in the reabsorption of vitamin B12.

A

Intrinsic factor

65
Q

: Measures 6 meters in length
: Major absorptive organ
: Chyme takes 3-5 hrs. to pass through
: Contains enzymes to further breakdown food
: Contains secretions for protection against chyme’s acidity.

A

SMALL INTESTINE

66
Q

3 PARTS OF THE SMALL INTESTINE

A
  1. DUODENUM
  2. JEJUNUM
  3. ILEUM
67
Q 
\:	Largest diameter
\:	25 cm long, smallest part
\:	Contains absorptive cells, goblet cells, granular cells, endocrine cells
\:	Contains microvilli and many folds
\:	Contains bile and pancreatic ducts
A

DUODENUM

68
Q

: 2.5 meters long and absorbs nutrients

A

JEJUNUM

69
Q

: 3.5 meters long, longest part

A

ILEUM

70
Q

: Function is to absorb water from indigestible food
: 10% of absorption
: Contains cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal

A

LARGE INTESTINE

71
Q

: Joins small intestine at ileocecal junction
: Has appendix attached
: most proximal to appendix

A

CECUM

72
Q

: 1.5 meters long

: Contains ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid regions

A

COLON

73
Q

: Straight tube that begins at sigmoid and ends at anal canal.

A

RECTUM

74
Q

: Last 2-3 cm of digestive tract
: Food takes 18-24 hours to pass through
: Feces is product of water, indigestible food, and microbes
: Microbes synthesize vitamin K

A

ANAL CANAL

75
Q

: 9 cm structure that is often removed

A

Appendix

76
Q

characterized by right lower quadrant pain.

A

APPENDICITIS

77
Q

removal of appendix

A

APPENDECTOMY

78
Q

: Bands of smooth muscle along the length of the colon

A

Teniae Coli

79
Q

Accessory organs of digestion

A
  1. Liver
  2. Spleen
  3. Pancreas
  4. Gallbladder
80
Q

: Weighs about 3 lbs.
: In right upper quadrant of abdomen under diaphragm
: Right, left, caudate, quadrate lobes

A

LIVER

81
Q

: Gate where blood vessels, ducts, nerves enter and exit.

: Receives blood from hepatic artery that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the liver.

A

Porta

82
Q

4 LIVER DUCTS:

A
  1. Hepatic duct
  2. Common hepatic duct
  3. Cystic duct
  4. Common bile duct
83
Q

Transport bile out of liver. (R&L)

A

Hepatic duct

84
Q

Formed from left and right hepatic ducts.

A

Common hepatic duct

85
Q

Joins common hepatic duct; from gall bladder.

A

Cystic duct

86
Q

Formed from common hepatic duct and cystic duct.

A

Common bile duct

87
Q

Most important part of the duodenum

A

Second part of the duodenum

88
Q

The tail of the pancreas is

___ to the spleen

A

adjacent

89
Q

FUNCTIONS OF THE LIVER

A
  1. Digestive and excretory functions
  2. Stores and processes nutrients
  3. Detoxifies harmful chemicals
  4. Synthesizes new molecules
  5. Secretes 700 mL of bile each day.
90
Q

dilutes and neutralizes stomach acid and breaks down fats.

A

BILE

91
Q

: Small sac on inferior surface of liver

: Stores and concentrates bile.

A

GALLBLADDER

92
Q

causes the gallbladder to contract, thereby releasing bile into the duodenum.

A

Vagus nerve stimulation

93
Q

produced by the duodenum (purple arrows) and carried through the circulation to the liver, stimulates bile secretion by the liver

A

Secretin

94
Q

produced by the duodenum (pink arrows) and carried through the circulation to the gallbladder, stimulates the gallbladder to contract, thereby releasing bile into the duodenum

A

Cholecystokinin

95
Q

also stimulate bile secretion

A

Bile salts

96
Q

: Located posterior to stomach in inferior part of left upper quadrant.
: Head near midline of body.
: Tail extends to left and touches spleen.
: Endocrine tissues have pancreatic islet that produce insulin and glucagon (hormones that control glucose production in the body).
: Exocrine tissues produce digestive enzymes.

A

PANCREAS

97
Q

inflammation of the pancreas. Epigastric pain that radiates at the back.

A

ACUTE PANCREATITIS

98
Q

Tests for acute pancreatitis. Pancreatic Lipase is more specific.

A

AMYLASE AND LIPASE

99
Q

most common location of pancreatic cancer

A

HEAD OF PANCREAS

100
Q

Digestive part of the pancreas

A

Pancreatic acinus/acini cells

101
Q

Endocrine part of the pancreas

A

Islets of Langerhans

102
Q

Increases glucose in the blood

A

Glucagon

103
Q

Decreases glucose in blood

A

Insulin

104
Q

from the vagus nerve (red arrow) causes the pancreas to release a secretion rich in digestive enzymes.

A

Parasympathetic stimulation

105
Q

released from the duodenum, stimulates the pancreas to release a watery secretion rich in bicarbonate ions.

A

Secretin

106
Q

released from the duodenum, causes the pancreas to release a secretion rich in digestive enzymes.

A

Cholecystokinin

107
Q

Breakdown of food occurs in stomach and mouth.

A

DIGESTION

108
Q

Moves food through digestive tract.

Includes swallowing and peristalsis.

A

PROPULSION

109
Q

Primarily in duodenum and jejunum of small intestine.

A

ABSORTION

110
Q

Elimination of waste in the form of feces

A

DEFECATION

111
Q

Enzyme in the mouth that converts carbohydrates to polysaccharides

A

Salivary amylase

112
Q

Enzyme in the duodenum that converts carbohydrates to disaccharides

A

Pancreatic amylase

113
Q

Enzyme in the epithelium of the small intestine that converts carbohydrates to monosaccharides

A

disaccharidases

114
Q

Enzymes in the duodenum that converts lipids into fatty acids / monoglycerides

A
  1. Bile salts (liver)

2. Lipase (pancreas)

115
Q

Enzymes in the stomach that converts proteins into polypeptides

A

pepsin

116
Q

Enzymes in the duodenum that converts proteins into peptides

A

Trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase (pancreas)

117
Q

Enzymes in the epithelium of the small intestine that converts proteins into amino acids

A

peptidases

118
Q
  1. Glucose is absorbed by symport with Na+ into intestinal epithelial cells.
  2. Symport is driven by a sodium gradient established by a Na+ - K+ pump.
  3. Glucose moves out of the intestinal epithelial cells by facilitated diffusion.
  4. Glucose enters the capillaries of the intestinal villi and is carried through the hepatic portal vein to the liver.
A

MONOSACCHARIDE GLUCOSE TRANSPORT

119
Q

: Bile salts emulsify lipids
: Lipase breaks down lipids which form micelles
: Micelles are in contact with intestinal epithelial cells and diffuse with cells where they are packaged and released into lacteals.
: Lipids are stored in adipose tissue and liver.

A

LIPID DIGESTION

120
Q
  1. Bile salts surround fatty acids and monoglycerides to form micelles.
  2. Micelles attach to the cell membranes of intestinal epithelial cells, and the fatty acids and monoglycerides pass by simple diffusion into the intestinal epithelial cells.
  3. Within the intestinal epithelial cell, the fatty acids and monoglycerides are converted to triglycerides; proteins coat the triglycerides to form chylomicrons, which move out of the intestinal epithelial cells by exocytosis.
  4. The chylomicrons enter the lacteals of the intestinal villi and are carried through the lymphatic system to the general circulation.
A

LIPID TRANSPORT

121
Q

: Proteins are spilt into polypeptides by enzymes secreted by stomach and pancreas
: Peptides and amino acids are absorbed into intestinal epithelial cells.
: Amino acids are actively transported into cells (help from GH and insulin)
: Amino acids used to build new proteins.

A

PROTEIN DIGESTION

122
Q
  1. Acidic and mot neutral amino acids are absorbed by symport into intestinal epithelial cells.
  2. Symport is driven by a sodium gradient established by a Na+ - K+ pump
  3. Amino acids move out of the intestinal epithelial cells.
  4. Amino acids enter the capillaries of the intestinal villi and are carries through the hepatic portal vein to the liver.
A

AMINO ACID TRANSPORT

123
Q

: Water can move across intestinal wall in either direction.
: Depends on osmotic conditions.
: 99% of water entering intestine is absorbed.
: Minerals are actively transported across wall of small intestine.

A

WATER AND MINERALS

124
Q

Fluid volume during ingestion

A

2 L

125
Q

Fluid volume in salivary gland secretion

A

1 L

126
Q

Fluid volume in gastric secretion

A

2 L

127
Q

Fluid volume in pancreatic secretion

A

1.2 L

128
Q

Fluid volume in bile secretion

A

0.7 L

129
Q

Fluid volume in small intestine secretions

A

2 L

130
Q

Fluid volume absorbed in the small intestine

A

92%

131
Q

Fluid volume absorbed in the large intestine

A

6% - 7%

132
Q

Fluid volume in feces

A

1%

133
Q

Formula for water in feces

A

Water in feces = ingested + secreted - absorbed

ANAPHY LEC (8 decks)

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