RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Flashcards
1
Q
5 FUNCTIONs OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
A
- Respiration
- Regulates blood pH
- Filters & warms air
- Sense of Smell
- Voice / Phonation
2
Q
The entire process of gas exchange in the body
A
RESPIRATION
3
Q
3 basic steps of the respiratory system:
A
- Pulmonary ventilation
- External respiration
- Internal respiration
4
Q
atmosphere towards the lungs
A
Pulmonary ventilation
5
Q
exchange of gases in the lungs to be oxygenated
A
External respiration
6
Q
oxygen from the lungs will be taken to different parts of the body. (cells and tissues)
A
Internal respiration
7
Q
2 divisions of the respiratory system:
A
- Anatomical
2. Functional
8
Q
2 anatomical divisions:
A
a. Upper Respiratory Tract
b. Lower Respiratory Tract
9
Q
2 functional divisions of the respi system:
A
c. Conducting Zone
d. Respiratory Zone
10
Q
consists of a series of interconnecting cavities and tubes both outside and within the lungs.
A
Conducting zone
11
Q
consists of tissues within the lungs where gas exchange occurs between air and blood.
A
Respiratory Zone
12
Q
Specialized organ at the entrance to the respiratory system and has a visible external portion and an internal portion inside the skull called the nasal cavity.
A
Nose
13
Q
Consists of bone and cartilage covered with skin and lined with mucous membrane.
A
External Nose
14
Q
Or nostrils / naris (singular). 2 openings
A
External nares
15
Q
Large space inferior to the nasal bone and superior to the oral cavity. Connects to the throat through
A
Nasal Cavity
16
Q
2 openings called internal nares.
A
Internal nares
17
Q
Vertical partition that divides the nasal cavity into right and left sides.
A
Nasal Septum
18
Q
Or turbinates are 3 bones that extend out of the wall of the cavity. (superior, middle, inferior)
A
Nasal Conchae
19
Q
Lie in the membrane lining the superior nasal conchae and adjacent septum.
A
Olfactory Epithelium
20
Q
Funnel-shaped tube that starts at the internal nares and extends partway down the neck. Posterior to the nasal and oral cavities, and anterior to the cervical vertebrae. Composed of skeletal muscle and lined with mucous membrane.
Functions as passageway for air and food, provides a resonating chamber for speech sounds, and houses the tonsils.
A
Pharynx (throat)
21
Q
Upper part of the pharynx. Connects with the 2 internal nares and has 2 openings that lead to the Eustachian tube.
A
Nasopharynx
22
Q
Located at the posterior wall of the nasopharynx.
A
Pharyngeal Tonsil
23
Q
Middle portion that opens into the mouth and nasopharynx. Passageway for air and food and drink.
A
Oropharynx
24
Q
2 pairs of tonsils
A
Palatine Tonsil & Lingual Tonsil
25
Lowest portion that connects with the esophagus and larynx. Passageway for air and food and drink.
Laryngopharynx
26
Short tube of cartilage lined by mucous membrane that connects the pharynx with the trachea. Lies in the midline of the neck anterior to the 4th, 5th, and 6th cervical vertebrae.
Larynx (voicebox)
27
Consists of hyaline cartilage, forms the anterior wall of the larynx.
Thyroid cartilage (Adam’s apple)
28
A large, leaf-shaped piece of elastic cartilage that is covered with the epithelium. The stem is attached to the anterior rim of thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone. The superior “leaf” portion is unattached and free to move up and down.
Epiglottis
29
A ring of hyaline cartilage that forms the inferior wall of the larynx and is attached to the 1st tracheal cartilage.
Cricoid cartilage
30
The pair consisting mostly of hyaline cartilage, located above the cricoid cartilage. Attach to the vocal folds and pharyngeal muscles. Function in voice production.
Arytenoid cartilage
31
Upper pair of false vocal cords. Hold the breath against the pressure in thoracic cavity when you strain to lift a heavy object. Do not produce sound.
Vestibular folds
32
Lower pair of true vocal cords. Produce sound. Contain elastic ligaments stretched between pieces of rigid cartilage. The greater air pressure, the greater the sound.
Vocal folds
33
: Tubular passage for air that is located anterior to the esophagus. Extends from the larynx to the upper part of the 5th thoracic vertebra.
: Lined with mucous membrane.
TRACHEA (WINDPIPE)
34
: 2 spongy cone-shaped organs in the thoracic cavity.
| : Separated from each other by the heart and other structures of the mediastinum.
LUNGS
35
double-layered serous membrane that encloses and protects each line.
PLEURAL MEMBRANE
36
2 layers of the pleural membrane
a. Parietal Pleura
| b. Visceral Pleura
37
outer layer attached to the wall of the thoracic cavity and diaphragm.
Parietal Pleura
38
inner layer attached to the lungs.
Visceral Pleura
39
space between the visceral and parietal pleurae that contains a lubricating fluid that reduces friction between membranes allowing them to slide easily over each other during breathing.
PLEURAL CAVITY
40
Cup-shaped out pouching of an alveolar sac.
ALVEOLI / ALVEOLUS
41
2 types of alveoli
1. Type I alveolar cells
| 2. Type II alveolar cells
42
: Simple squamous epithelial cells
: Main sites for gas exchange; thin
: Where red blood cells are located
Type I alveolar cells
43
: Secrete alveolar fluid that keeps surface between cells and air moist
Type II alveolar cells
44
mixture of phospholipids and lipoproteins that reduces the tendency for the alveoli to collapse.
Surfactant
45
Membrane where exchange of O2 and CO2 bet. Air spaces in the lungs and the blood takes place by diffusion across alveolar and capillary walls.
RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE
46
LAYERS OF THE RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE:
1. Type I alveolar cells that form the alveolus
2. Epithelial basement membrane underlying the alveolar cells
3. Capillary basement membrane that is often fused to the epithelial basement membrane
4. Endothelial cells of a capillary wall
47
The flow of air between the atmosphere and the lungs, occur due to differences in air pressure.
PULMONARY VENTILATION
48
2 PROCESSES OF PULMONARY VENTILATION:
1. Inhalation / breathe in
| 2. Exhalation / breathe out
49
the pressure inside the lungs is less than the atmospheric air pressure.
Inhalation or breathe in
50
when the pressure inside the lungs is greater than the atmospheric air pressure.
Exhalation or breathe out
51
TRUE OR FALSE
When accessory muscles are used, the person has difficulty breathing
TRUE
When accessory muscles are used, the person has difficulty breathing
52
total volume of air inhaled and exhaled each minute.
MINUTE VENTILATION
53
4 LUNG VOLUMES
1. Tidal volume
2. Inspiratory reserve volume
3. Expiratory reserve volume
4. Residual volume
54
volume of 1 breath; exchange
Tidal volume
55
additional inhaled air
Inspiratory reserve volume
56
extra vol. of air after exhalation
Expiratory reserve volume
57
cannot be measured
4. Residual volume
58
are combinations of specific lung volumes
LUNG CAPACITIES
59
measures the lung volume
SPIROGRAM
60
8 MODIFIED BREATHING MOVEMENTS
1. Coughing
2. Sneezing
3. Sighing
4. Yawning
5. Sobbing
6. Crying
7. Laughing
8. Hiccuping
61
A long-drawn and deep inhalation followed by a strong exhalation that suddenly sends a blast of air through the upper respiratory passages; stimulus for this reflex act may be a foreign body lodged in the larynx, trachea, or epiglottis.
Coughing
62
Spasmodic contraction of muscles of exhalation that forcefully expels air through the nose and mouth; stimulus may be an irritation of the nasal mucosa
Sneezing
63
A long-drawn and deep inhalation immediately followed by a shorter but forceful exhalation
Sighing
64
A deep inhalation through the widely opened mouth producing an exaggerated depression of the mandible; may be stimulated by drowsiness, fatigue, or someone else’s yawning, but precise cause is unknown
Yawning
65
A series of convulsive inhalations followed by a single prolonged exhalation
Sobbing
66
An inhalation followed by many short convulsive exhalations, during which the vocal folds vibrate; accompanied by characteristic facial expressions and tears.
Crying
67
The same basic movements as crying, but the rhythm of the movements and the facial expressions usually differ from those of crying
Laughing
68
The same basic movements as crying, but the rhythm of the movements and the facial expressions usually differ from those of crying
Hiccuping
69
a mixture of gases (nitrogen, oxygen, water vapour, carbon dioxide, and others) each of which contributes to the total air pressure.
AIR
70
the pressure of a specific gas in a mixture
PARTIAL PRESSURE
71
: Exchange of gases between alveolar air and pulmonary blood capillaries.
EXTERNAL RESPIRATION (pulmonary gas exchange)
72
: Exchange of gases between systemic tissue capillaries and systemic tissue cells.
INTERNAL RESPIRATION (systemic gas exchange)
73
* The blood transports gases between the lungs and body tissues. When O2 and CO2 enter the blood, certain physical and chemical changes occur that aid in gas transport and exchange.
* About 98.5% of blood O2 is bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells.
* The association of O2 and hemoglobin is affected by:
1. PO2 (Partial pressure)
2. pH
3. Temperature
4. PCO2
TRANSPORT OF RESPIRATORY GASES (OXYGEN)
74
Transported in 3 ways:
1. About 7% is dissolved in plasma.
2. 23% combines with the globin of hemoglobin.
3. 70% is converted to bicarbonate ions (HCO3-).
TRANSPORT OF RESPIRATORY GASES (CARBON DIOXIDE)
75
The association of O2 and hemoglobin is affected by:
1. PO2 (Partial pressure)
2. pH
3. Temperature
4. PCO2
76
Transported of carbon dioxide in 3 ways:
1. About 7% is dissolved in plasma.
2. 23% combines with the globin of hemoglobin.
3. 70% is converted to bicarbonate ions (HCO3-).
77
respiratory center responsible for control of breathing; pneumotaxic area
PONS
78
control of breathing; rhythm
MEDULLA OBLONGATA
79
FACTORS THAT MODIFY RESPIRATIONS:
1. Cortical influences
2. Chemoreceptors
3. Limbic system stimulation
4. Proprioceptor stimulation: found in joints
5. Temperature: tendency to increase resp. rate
6. Pain
7. Irritation of airways
8. Inflation reflex (stretch receptors)
80
TRUE OR FALSE
The more gradual increase in ventilation during moderate exercise is due to chemical and physical changes in the bloodstream.
TRUE
The more gradual increase in ventilation during moderate exercise is due to chemical and physical changes in the bloodstream.
81
TRUE OR FALSE
During exercise, the respiratory and CVS systems make adjustments in response to both the intensity and duration of the exercise
TRUE
During exercise, the respiratory and CVS systems make adjustments in response to both the intensity and duration of the exercise
82
TRUE OR FALSE
The abrupt DECREASE in ventilation at the start of exercise is due to neural changes that send excitatory impulses to the inspiratory area in the medulla oblongata.
FALSE
The abrupt INCREASE in ventilation at the start of exercise is due to neural changes that send excitatory impulses to the inspiratory area in the medulla oblongata.
83
3 EFFECTS OF ADVANCING AGE TO THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
The airways and tissues of the respiratory tract, including the alveoli, become less elastic and more rigid; the chest wall becomes more rigid as well.
decrease in lung capacity.
Elderly people are more susceptible to pneumonia, emphysema, bronchitis, and other pulmonary disorders.
