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ANAPHY LEC > LYMPHATIC SYSTEM > Flashcards

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

the body’s ability to defend and protect itself from damage and pathogens

A

IMMUNITY

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2
Q

microbes (bacteria and viruses) that have the potential to produce disease

A

PATHOGENS

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3
Q

non-specific, present at birth

A

Innate Immunity

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4
Q

specific response to a specific microbe, made up of T cells and B cells

A

Adaptive Immunity

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5
Q

2 TYPES OF IMMUNITY

A
  1. Innate Immunity

2. Adaptive Immunity

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6
Q

specialized form of reticular connective tissue that contains large numbers of lymphocytes

A

Lymphatic Tissue

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7
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Interstitial fluid has LESS protein than blood plasma

A

TRUE

Interstitial fluid has LESS protein than blood plasma

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8
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Interstitial fluid goes into LYMPHATIC VESSEL to produce lymph

A

TRUE

Interstitial fluid goes into LYMPHATIC VESSEL to produce lymph

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9
Q

3 PRIMARY FUNCTIONS OF LS

A
  1. Drains excess interstitial fluid (edema, excess fluid)
  2. Transports dietary lipids [transports vit. ADEK (lipid soluble)]
  3. Carries out immune responses (eliminate pathogens)
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10
Q

enlarges when you have sore throat (back of throat)

A

Palatine Tonsil

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11
Q

drains lymph on the upper right side of the body

A

Right lymphatic duct

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12
Q

superior to the heart, midline, turns into fatty tissue after puberty

A

Thymus

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13
Q

main duct that drains lymph from the rest of the body

A

Thoracic duct

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14
Q

similar in structure to the veins

A

Lymphatic vessels

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15
Q

closed at one end and located in spaces bet. cells

 Cells overlap
 Form lymphatic vessels

A

Lymphatic capillaries

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16
Q

– similar in structure to veins

 Contains lymph nodes
 Drains into the right lymphatic duct or thoracic duct

A

Lymphatic vessels

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17
Q

contains T cells and B cells

 Filters lymph

A

Lymph nodes

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18
Q

receives lymph from the left side of the head, neck, and chest; the left upper limb; and the entire body below the ribs.

A

THORACIC DUCT

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19
Q

When inhaling, pushes lymph going up to the right and thoracic duct

A

RESPIRATORY PUMP

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20
Q

Pumps lymph back the general circulation of the body.

A

SKELETAL MUSCLE PUMP

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21
Q

sites wherein stem cells differentiate into T and B cells
 Red Bone Marrow
 Thymus

A

PRIMARY LYMPHATIC ORGANS

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22
Q

sites where most immune responses occur
 Lymph nodes
 Spleen
 Lymphatic nodes

A

SECONDARY LYMPHATIC ORGANS

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23
Q

: 2 lobed; posterior to sternum, medial to lungs, superior to heart
: Primary lymphoid organ for maturation of T cells
: T cells, dendritic cells, epithelial cells, macrophages

A

THYMUS

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24
Q

: 600 bean shaped nodes located along lymphatic vessels
: Mammary glands, axillae, groin
: Trap particles in reticular fibers
: Macrophages and lymphocytes
: Lymph nodes enlarge in patients with TB, cancer, etc.

A

LYMPH NODES

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25
Q

: Largest single mass of lymphatic tissue

: Between the stomach and diaphragm; covered by a capsule of dense connective tissue

A

SPLEEN

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26
Q

lymphatic tissue, consisting mostly of lymphocytes and macrophages

A

WHITE PULP

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27
Q

blood-filled venous sinuses consisting of red blood cells, macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and granular leukocytes

a. Removal by macrophages of worn-out or defective blood cells and platelets
b. Storage of platelets, perhaps up to one-third of the body’s supply
c. Production of blood cells (hemopoeisis) during fetal life.

A

RED PULP

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28
Q

: Egg-shaped masses of lymphoid tissue
: Gastrointestinal, urinary, repro traits, respi airway
: Tonsils in the pharyngeal region and aggregated lymphatic follicles (Peyer’s patches) in the ileum of the small intestine

A

LYMPHATIC NODULES

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29
Q

5 Tonsils:

A

 Pharyngeal tonsil or adenoid
 2 Palatine tonsils
 2 lingual tonsils

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30
Q

2 defenses of the innate immunity

A
  1. First line of defense

2. Second line of defense

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31
Q

Enumerate the 10 first line of defenses

A
  1. Epidermis
  2. Mucous membranes
  3. Mucus
  4. Hair
  5. Cilia
  6. Lacrimal apparatus
  7. Saliva
    8 Urine
  8. Defecation and vomiting
  9. Chemical barrier
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32
Q

Enumerate the 5 second line of defenses

A
  1. Internal antimicrobial substances
  2. Phagocytes
  3. Natural killer cells
  4. Inflammation
  5. Fever
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33
Q

Enumerate the 4 antimicrobial substances

A

a. Interferons
b. Complement System
c. Iron-binding proteins
d. Antimicrobial proteins

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34
Q

: From lymphocytes, macrophages and fibroblasts

: Interferes with viral replication

A

Interferons

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35
Q

: Normally inactive proteins in blood plasma and on plasma membranes
: Stimulates cytolysis, chemotaxis and opsonisation

A

Complement System

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36
Q

: Reduces amount of available iron

: Transferrin, lactoferrin, ferritin, hemoglobin

A

Iron-binding proteins

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37
Q

: Short peptides that have broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity
: Dermicidin, defisins and cathelicidins, and thrombocidin

A

Antimicrobial proteins

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38
Q

Specialized cells that perform phagocytosis (ingestion of microbes or other particle such as cellular debris

A

PHAGOCYTES

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39
Q

migrate to infected areas

A

Wandering macrophages

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40
Q

: 5-10% of lymphocytes in the blood
: Have the ability to kill a wide variety of microbes and certain certain tumor cells
: Cellular destruction by releasing proteins that destroy the target cell’s membrane

A

NATURAL KILLER CELLS

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41
Q

Non-specific defensive response of the body to tissue damage

A

INFLAMMATION

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42
Q

5 signs and symptoms of inflammation

A 
	Redness
	Pain
	Heat
	Swelling
	Loss of function (sometimes)
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43
Q

collection of dead cells and fluids

A

PUS FORMATION

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44
Q

a. Abnormally high body temperature (36.5 – 37.4)
b. Occurs during infection and inflammation
c. Interleukin 1 from macrophages – fever causing substances
d. Intensifies the effects of interferons, inhibits the growth of some microbes, and speeds up body reactions that aid repair

A

FEVER

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45
Q

Forms physical barrier to entrance of microbes

A

Epidermis of Skin

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46
Q

Inhibit entrance of many microbes, but not as effective as intact skin

A

Mucous Membrane

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47
Q

Traps microbes in respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts

A

Mucus

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48
Q

Filter out microbes and dust in nose

A

Hairs

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49
Q

Together with mucus, trap and remove microbes and dust from upper respiratory tract

A

Cilia

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50
Q

Tears dilute and wash away irritating substances and microbes

A

Lacrimal Apparatus

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51
Q

Washes microbes from surfaces of teeth and mucous membranes of mouth

A

Saliva

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52
Q

Washes microbes from urethra

A

Urine

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53
Q

Expel microbes from body

A

Defecation and Vomiting

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54
Q

Forms protective acidic film over skin surface that inhibits growth of many microbes

A

Sebum

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55
Q

Antimicrobial substance in perspiration, tears, saliva, nasal secretions, and tissue fluids

A

Lysozyme

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56
Q

Destroys bacteria and most toxins in stomach

A

Gastric Juice

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57
Q

Protect uninfected host cells from viral infection

A

Interferons (IFNs)

58
Q

Causes cytolysis of microbes; promotes phagocytosis; contributes to inflammation

A

Complement System

59
Q

Inhibit growth of certain bacteria by reducing amount of available iron

A

Iron-binding proteins

60
Q

Have broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities and attract dendritic cells and mast cells

A

Antimicrobial proteins (AMPs)

61
Q

Kill infected target cells by releasing granules that contain perforin and granzymes; phagocytes then kill released microbes

A

Natural Killer (NK) cells

62
Q

Ingest foreign particulate matter

A

Phagocytes

63
Q

Confines and destroys microbes; initiates tissue repair

A

Inflammation

64
Q

Intensifies effects of interferons; inhibits growth of some microbes; speeds up body reactions that aid repair

A

Fever

65
Q

Specific types of cells or specific antibodies that destroy a particular antigen

A

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

66
Q

any substance, such as microbes, foods, drugs, pollen, or tissue that immune system recognizes as foreign

A

ANTIGEN

67
Q

branch of science that deals with the responses of the body to antigens

A

IMMUNOLOGY

68
Q

cells and tissues that carry out immune responses

A

IMMUNE SYSTEM

69
Q

lack of reaction against self-tissues

A

SELF-TOLERANCE

70
Q

Both develop in primary lymphatic organs (red bone marrow and the thymus) from stem cells that originate in red bone marrow

A

B CELLS AND T CELLS

71
Q

cytotoxic T cells directly attack invading antigens

 Humoral immunity
 Cells attacking cells
 Intracellular pathogens

A

Cell-mediated immunity

72
Q

B cells transform into plasma cells

A

Antibody mediated immunity

73
Q

process by which a lymphocyte proliferates and differentiates in response to a specific antigen

A

CLONAL SELECTION

74
Q

destruction or invasion of the antigen

 Active helper T cells
 Active cytotoxic T cells
 Plasma cells

A

EFFECTOR CELLS

75
Q

do not actively participate in the initial immune response

 Memory helper T cells
 Memory cytotoxic T cells
 Memory B cells

A

MEMORY CELLS

76
Q

causes the body to produce specific antibodies and/ or specific T cells that react with it.

A

ANTIGEN

77
Q

self – antigens located at the plasma membrane surface of most body cells

A

MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX

78
Q

Enumerate the 5 classes of immunoglobulins.

A
  1. IgG
  2. IgA
  3. IgM
  4. IgD
  5. IgE
79
Q

MAJORITY OF ALL ANTIBODIES

About 80% of all antibodies in the blood; also found in lymph and intestines

Protects against bacteria and viruses by enhancing phagocytosis, neutralizing toxins, and triggering the complement system

Only class of antibody to cross the placenta from mother to fetus, conferring considerable immune protection in newborns

A

IgG

80
Q

SECRETED IN BREAST MILK; INFERS IMMUNITY TO THE BABY

About 10-15% of all antibodies in the blood; found in sweat, tears, saliva, mucus, breast milk, and gastrointestinal secretions

Levels decrease during stress, lowering resistance to infection

Provides localized protection against bacteria and viruses on mucous membranes.

A

IgA

81
Q

About 5-10% of all antibodies in the blood; found in lymph

First antibody class to be secreted by plasma cells after an initial exposure to any antigen

Activates complement and causes agglutination and lysis of microbes

In blood plasma, anti-A and anti-B antibodies of ABO blood group, which bind to A and B antigens during incompatible blood transfusions, are also IgM antbodies

A

IgM

82
Q

About 0.2% of all antibodies in the blood; found in lymph and on the surfaces of B cells as antigen

Involved in activation of B cells

A

IgD

83
Q

Less than 0.1% of all antibodies in the blood; located o mast cells and basophils

Involved in allergic and hypersensitivity reactions and provides protection against parasitic worms

A

IgE

84
Q

recognize antigen in lymph, interstitial fluids or blood plasma

A

B cells

85
Q

can only recognize fragments of antigen if presented a certain way

A

T cells

86
Q

antigenic proteins are broken down into fragments and then combine with MHC molecules.

A

Antigen processing

87
Q

the antigen – MHC complex is inserted into the plasma membrane of a body cell

A

Antigen presentation

88
Q

process and present antigens

A

Antigen presenting cells

89
Q

6 Steps of processing and presenting antigens

A
  1. Ingestion of the antigen
  2. Digestion of antigen into fragments
  3. Synthesizes of MHC molecules
  4. Fusion of vesicles
  5. Binding of fragments to MHC molecules
  6. Insertion of antigen - MHC complexes into the plasma membrane
90
Q

Antigen-presenting cell ingest antigens by phagocytosis. Ingestion could occur almost anywhere in the body that invader, such as microbes have penetrated the non-specific defenses.

A

Ingestion of the antigen

91
Q

Within the APC, protein-digesting enzymes split large antigens into short peptide fragments.

A

Digestion of antigen into fragments

92
Q

At the same time, the APC synthesizes MHC molecules and packages them into vesicles.

A

Synthesizes of MHC molecules

93
Q

The vesicles containing antigen fragments and MHC molecules merge and fuse.

A

Fusion of vesicles

94
Q

After fusion of the two vesicles, antigen fragments bind to MHC molecules.

A

Binding of fragments to MHC molecules

95
Q

◊ The combined vesicle that contains antigen
◊ MHC complexes splits open and the antigen
◊ MHC complexes are inserted into the plasma membrane

A

Insertion of antigen – MHC complexes into the plasma membrane

96
Q

Steps in T cell and cell mediated immunity

A
  1. Activation
  2. Clonal Selection
  3. Clone cells (effector and memory cells)
  4. Elimination
97
Q

2 types of mature T cells

A
  1. Helper T cells

2. cytotoxic T cells

98
Q

activation = clone of active helper T cells and memory helper T cells

A

Helper T cells

99
Q

help other cells of the adaptive immune system combat intruders; releases IL-2

A

Active helper T cells

100
Q

not active cells. If same antigen enters the body again, it can quickly proliferate and differentiate into more active helper T cells and more memory helper cells.

A

Memory helper T cells

101
Q

activation = clone of active cytotoxic T cells and memory cytotoxic T cells

A

Cytotoxic T cells

102
Q

attack other body cells that have been infected with the antigen

A

Active cytotoxic T cells

103
Q

can quickly proliferate ad differentiate into more active cytotoxic T cells and more memory cytotoxic cells

A

Memory cytotoxic T cells

104
Q

: Recognize and attach to target cells to kill them

: Similar to NK but have specific receptors for specific microbes

A

Cytotoxic T cells

105
Q

2 mechanisms for killing infected target cells

A
  1. Phagocytosis

2. Binding to infected cells and releasing perforin

106
Q

protein-digesting enzymes that trigger apoptosis.

A

Granzymes

107
Q

forms holes/ leakage

A

Granulysin

108
Q

targets DNA of cells

A

Lymphotoxin

109
Q

interferon (attracts and activates phagocytic cells and macrophage migration inhibition)

A

Gamma

110
Q

Steps in B cells and antibody-mediated immunity

A
  1. Activation
  2. Clonal Selection
  3. Effector and Memory Cells
111
Q

second stimulating signal

A

Costimulation

112
Q

common costimulator

A

interleukin-2 (IL-2)

113
Q

FUNCTIONS OF ANTIBODIES (5)

A
  1. Neutralize antigen
  2. Immobilize bacteria
  3. Agglutinate antigen (clumping together of particles)
  4. Activate complement proteins (remove microbes through opsonisation and cytolysis)
  5. Enhance phagocytosis
114
Q

Processes and presents foreign antigens to T cells; include macrophages, B cells, and dendritic cells

A

Antigen-presenting Cell (APC)

115
Q

Helps other cells of immune system combat intruders by releasing costimulator protein interleukin-2 (IL-2), which enhances activation and division of T cells; other proteins attract phagocytes and enhance phagocytic ability of macrophages; also stimulates development of B cells into anti-body producing plasma cells and development of natural killer cells

A

Helper T Cell

116
Q

Kills host target cells by releasing granzyms that induce apoptosis, perforin that forms channels to cause cytolysis, granulysin that destroys microbes, lympotoxin that destroys target cell DNA, gamma-interferon that attracts macrophages and increases their phagocytic activity, and macrophage inhibition factor that prevents macrophage migration from site of infection

A

Cytotoxic T Cell

117
Q

Remains in lymphatic tissue and recognizes original invading antigen, even years after the first encounter

A

Memory T Cell

118
Q

Differentiates into antibody-producing plasma cell

A

B Cell

119
Q

Descendant of B cell that produces and secretes antibodies

A

Plasma Cell

120
Q

Remains ready to produce a more rapid and forceful secondary response if the same antigen enter the body in the future

A

Memory B Cell

121
Q

: Memory for specific antigens that have triggered immune responses in the past
: Due to the presence of long-lasting antibodies and very long-lived lymphocytes that arise during division and differentiation of antigen-stimulated B cells and T cells.

A

IMMUNOLOGICAL MEMORY

122
Q

Response is quicker and more intense during subsequent exposure

A

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY RESPONSES

123
Q

Process of primary response (4)

A
  1. Initial contact
  2. No antibodies for a few days
  3. Levels of antibodies slowly rise (IgM, IgG)
  4. Gradual decline
124
Q

: Accelerated, more intense
: Every new encounter w/ the same antigen causes a rapid division of memory cells
: The antibody level after subsequent encounters is far greater than during a primary response and consists mainly of IgG antibodies

A

SECONDARY RESPONSE

125
Q

Process of the effects of vaccines

A
  1. Vaccines
  2. Inactivated or live microbes
  3. Activation of B and T cells
  4. Secondary response on subsequent encounter
126
Q

Type of adaptive immunity where:

Following exposure to a microbe, antigen recognition by B cells and T cells and costimulation lead to antibody-secreting plasma cells, cytotoxic cells, and B and T memory cells

A

Naturally Acquired Active Immunity

127
Q

Type of adaptive immunity where:

Transfer of IgG antibodies from mother to fetus across the placenta, or of IgA antibodies from mother to baby in milk during breast-feeding.

A

Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity

128
Q

Type of adaptive immunity where:

Antigens introduced during a vaccination stimulate cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immune responses, leading to production of memory cells. The antigens are pre-treated to be immunogenic but not pathogenic; that is, they will trigger an immune response but not cause significant illness

A

Artificially Acquired Active Immunity

129
Q

Type of adaptive immunity where:

Intravenous injection of immunoglobulins (antibodies)

A

Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity

130
Q

This causes increased infections and malignancies.

A

ADVANCING AGE

131
Q

Effects of aging in the immune system (3):

A
  1. Response to vaccines is decreased
  2. Produce more autoantibodies (antibodies against their body’s own molecules)
  3. The immune system exhibits lowered levels of function
132
Q

Lymphatic vessels drain excess interstitial fluid and leaked plasma proteins from dermis of skin

Immune system cells (intraepidermal macrophages) in skin help protect skin

Lymphatic tissue provides IgA antibodies in sweat

A

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

133
Q

Lymphatic vessels drain excess interstitial fluid and leaked plasma proteins from connective tissue around bones

A

SKELETAL SYSTEM

134
Q

Lymphatic vessels drain excess interstitial fluid and leaked plasma proteins from muscles

A

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

135
Q

Immune cells help protect the nervous system from pathogens and the brain helps regulate immune responses

Lymphatic vessels drain excess interstitial fluids and leaked proteins from the nervous system

Neuropeptides function as neurotransmitters

A

NERVOUS SYSTEM

136
Q

Flow of lymph helps distribute some hormones and cytokines

Lymphatic vessels drain excess interstitial fluid and leaked plasma proteins from endocrine glands

A

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

137
Q

Lymph returns excess fluid filtered from blood capillaries and leaked plasma proteins to venous blood

Macrophages in spleen destroy aged red blood cells and remove debris in blood

A

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

138
Q

Tonsils, alveolar macrophages, and MALT (mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue) help protect lungs from pathogens

Lymphatic vessels drain excess interstitial fluid from lungs

A

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

139
Q

Tonsils and MALT help defend against toxins and pathogens that penetrate the body from the gastrointestinal tract

Digestive system provides IgA antibodies in saliva and gastrointestinal secretions

Lymphatic vessels pick up absorbed dietary lipids and fat-soluble vitamins from the small intestine and transport them to the blood

Lymphatic vessels drain excess interstitial fluids and leaked plasma proteins from organs of the digestive system

A

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

140
Q

Lymphatic vessels drain excess interstitial fluid and leaked plasma proteins from organs of the urinary system

MALT helps defens against toxins and pathogens that penetrate the body via the urethra

A

URINARY SYSTEM

141
Q

Lymphatic vessels drain excess interstitial fluid and leaked plasma proteins from organs of the reproductive system

MALT helps defend against toxins and pathogens that penetrate the body via the vagina and penis

In females, sperm deposited in the vagina are not attacked as foreign invaders use to inhibition of immune responses

IgG antibodies can cross the placenta to provide protection to a developing fetus

Lymphatic tissue provides IgA antibodies in the milk of a nursing mother

A

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS

ANAPHY LEC (8 decks)

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