Special cell types and gene transfer

Question 1

Magnetoglobus multicellularis

Answer 1

A group of 10-40 cells that have about 80 bullet shaped magnetosomes that take up metal particles and gives the cell a sense of location

Question 2

Clostridium difficile

Answer 2

Example of opportunistic infection, it takes over gut and is a recurring infection, common in hospitals

Question 3

Vegetative

Answer 3

metabolically active

Question 4

Akinetes

Answer 4

Cyanobacteria, dormant, have thick cell walls filled with food reserves

Question 5

What type of photosynthesis do cyanobacteria perform?

Answer 5

oxygenic

Question 6

Heterocysts

Answer 6

Produced by some cyanobacteria that can fix N, anearobic, maintained by 3 layered cell wall and degradation of photosystem II proteins because O2 inhibits N fixation

Question 7

Conjugation

Answer 7

copying and transmission of a plasmid

Question 8

Transformation

Answer 8

cell acquires DNA from its environment and the DNA is released when the cell dies. That DNA can then be incorporated into another cell

Question 9

pGlo lab

Answer 9

Cell is damage to get DNA into cells then selectable marker is introduced to only survival of those that picked up DNA

Question 10

Acinetobacter baumanii

Answer 10

Forms biofilms on organic and inorganic surface, picks up DNA from many sources, toxic, antibiotic R GENES

Question 11

Transduction

Answer 11

Virus infects bacteria with phagesand replication begins there, DNA from host becomes part of viral particle, virus infects another cell and new host cell incorporates DNA from previous host cell into genome

Question 12

Robert Koch

Answer 12

Developed and organized method for demonstrating the link between microbe and illness with postulates

1. Observe microorganism in all cases of disease, not usually seen in healthy organisms
2. Isolate pure culture of microbe
3. Observe disease characteristics in test subjects
4. Isolate same microbe from test subjects

Question 13

Tobacco mosaic virus significane

Answer 13

1st isolated virus

Question 14

Living and nonliving components of viruses

Answer 14

Nonliving: cell membrane, no growth or metabolism, different from living parasites bc viruses require a host to replicate, parasites replicate themselves

Living: Replication, evolution, genetic material

Question 15

Genome of a virus

Answer 15

DNA and RNA

Question 16

Capsid

Answer 16

protein coat around virus consisting of capsomeres

Question 17

Viral envelope

Answer 17

Present with some viruses, have spikes, help with attachment

Question 18

Roles of viruses in terms of population

Answer 18

limit host cell density(population control)

Question 19

Where can the 16s RNA gene be found in eukaryotes? what is its significance?

Answer 19

Mitochondria genome, most closely related to 16s bacteria

Question 20

Theory of Endosymbiosis

Answer 20

A theory proposing the origin of eukaryotic cells, proposed by Lynn Margulies, a larger cell engulfs a smaller prokaryotic cell or the smaller cell invades through phagocytosis. A mutual relationship was established and the smaller cell became an organelle over time

Question 21

Molecular evidence supporting theory of endosymbiosis

Answer 21

Genomes of mitochondria and chloroplast: circular chromosomes, order of genes are similar to bacteria, gene processing is similar to bacteria

Mito and chloro ribosomes: Similar size as bacterial ribosomes, they process proteins more like bacteria than eukaryotes

Question 22

Structural evidence supporting theory of endosymbiosis

Answer 22

Mitochondria and chloroplasts are made through division and have double membranes

Question 23

Extant evidence supporting the theory of endosymbiosis

Answer 23

1. Sea slug that sucks up algae and imports chloroplasts into digestive system
2. Cell that eats algae, and moves toward light when algae are present and feeds them with carbon if not present
3. Protist that switches from predator to producer if it eats algae, feeding tube disappears and is replaced with plastid. Algal cell loses most organelles
4. Glaucophytes have 2 membranes and thin layer of peptidoglycan

Question 24

Primary endosymbiosis

Answer 24

Prokaryote is engulfed resulting in 2 membranes

Question 25

What was thought to be engulfed that resulted in chloroplasts? mitochondira?

Answer 25

Oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria ended up being mitochondria, cyanobacteria ended up being chloroplasts

Question 26

Amyloplasts and chromoplasts

Answer 26

Amyloplasts store starch and chromoplasts store color pigments in plants

Question 27

Plastid

Answer 27

specialized organelle with 2 or more membranes

Question 28

Anagenesis, cladogenesis, reticulate evolution

Answer 28

Anagenesis: One species evolves in another

Cladogenesis: One species branches off into multiple species

Reticulate evolution: Branched species evolve into 1 species