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Bio 115H Dr Balish/Russel > Animal evolution > Flashcards

Animal evolution Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the majority of animal species?

A

insects

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2
Q

What do they ectotherm and endoderm turn into?

A

Ectoderm: skin
Endotherm: digestive system

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3
Q

Why does the fossil record have holes in it?

A

things only fossilize under specialized conditions

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4
Q

What were the contributing factors to the cambrian explosion?

A
  • presence if atmospheric oxygen
  • evolution of hox genes
  • predator-prey relationships
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5
Q

Metabolic classification of animals

A

heterotrophs

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6
Q

Structure of animals

A
  • Have nervous system and muscle tissue

* bodies are held together by structural proteins(collagen)

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7
Q

Sexual life cycles of animals

A

most animals reproduce sexually with the diploid dominant stage dominating the life cycle

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8
Q

Blastula

A

Hollow sphere with an outer layer of cells that forms after the zygote undergoes cleavage

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9
Q

Gastrulation

A

invagination process that the blastula undergoes resulting in embryonic tissue layers and a gastrula

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10
Q

Hox genes

A

Position genes that regulate the development of body form of embryos, highly conserved genes

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11
Q

Ways a fossil may be formed

A
  1. Permineralization
  2. molds, casts, impressions
  3. Whole organism is preserved
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12
Q

Mesozoic era

A
  • Dinosaurs were dominant
  • Coral reefs emerged, becoming important ecological niches
  • extinction of dinosaurs at the end of this era opened up niches for animals
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13
Q

When did modern mammals/insects diversify?

A

cenozoic era

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14
Q

Grade

A

group of animal species that share the same level of organizational complexity

Based on

  1. Presence/absence of different tissues
  2. body symmetry
  3. presence/absence of true body cavity
  4. Patterns if embryonic development
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15
Q

What is believed to be the common ancestor of all animals?

A

choanoflagellates

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16
Q

What are levels of organization and what do they show?

A

They are feature of body plans and there are cellular, tissue, organs, etc. levels

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17
Q

How are different tissues isolated?

A

membranous layers

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18
Q

Radial symmetry

A

Parts of an animal radiate from the center. Any imaginary slice through the center divides it in half

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19
Q

Bilateral symmetry

A

Has a right and left side. One cut divides organism into mirror images

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20
Q

Cephalization

A

development of the head

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21
Q

What do animals with bilateral symmetry have

A
  1. Dorsal(top) side and ventral(bottom) side
  2. A right and left side
  3. Anterior(head) and posterior(tail) end
  4. cephalization
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22
Q

Advantage of putting sensory organs in the head of an animal

A

Allows organism to process environment asap

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23
Q

What is true of animals with gastrovascular cavities?

A

Their mouth and anus or the same thing

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24
Q

Difference between complete and incomplete gut

A

Incomplete has one mouth/anus, complete has a separate mouth and anus

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25
Q

What leads to the formation of the blastula

A

The zygote undergoing cleavage

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26
Q

What is the result of the blastula undergoing gastrulation

A

Formation of embryonic tissue layer and a gastrula

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27
Q

Animal embryo characteristics

A

Form germ layers, embryonic tissues, ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm

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28
Q

Diploblastic and triploblastif animals

A

Diploblastic: 2 germ layers

Triploblastic: 3 germ layers, may have body cavity

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29
Q

Schizoceolous

A

Solid masses of mesoderm split and form coelom

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30
Q

Entercoelous

A

folds of archenteron for coelem

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31
Q

Purpose of mesoderm in triploblastic animals

A

Splits and forms coelom, creates space in blastula and blastopore opening

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32
Q

what are exoskeletons made of?

A

chitin

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33
Q

Archenteron

A

folds in the blastula

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34
Q

coelom

A

a true body cavity derived from mesoderm

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35
Q

Coelmates

A

have true coelem lined by mesoderm tissue. Order of tissues from the outside to inside is Ectoderm, mesoderm, coelem, mesoderm, endoderm. Example is annelids

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36
Q

pseudocoelom

A

body cavity derived from the blastocoel rather than mesoderm. Example is nematodes. Order is body covering ectoderm, muscle layer mesoderm and digestive tract endoderm

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37
Q

acoelmates

A

organisms without body cavities between digestive tract and outer body well. examples are flatworms. Order is body tissue(ectoderm, mesoderm tissue, endoderm digestive tract

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38
Q

Hydrostatic skeleton

A

Turgid column of liquid within body space, provides rigity

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39
Q

Segmentation vs strobilization

A

Segmentation: necessary part of the body for organism survival

Strobilization: Purse like addition for reproduction, segment breaks off

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40
Q

Protosome

A

Cleavage is spiral and determinate, schizocoelous development, blastopore becomes mouth

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41
Q

Deuterosome

A

Cleavage is radial and indeterminate, entercoleous development, blastopore forms anus

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42
Q

Indeterminate cells

A

cell or cell group is not yet specialized

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43
Q

Schizocoelous development vs Entercoelous development

A

Schizocoelous: Solid masses of mesoderm split and form coelom

Entercoelous: folds of archenteron form coelom

44
Q

what type of development was multicellularity

A

synapomorphy

45
Q

Which animal is basal?

A

sponges(agreed upon)

46
Q

Eumetazoa

A

agreed upon clade of animals with true tissues

47
Q

Bilaterian disagreement

A

The morphology-based tree divides bilaterians into deuterosomes and protosomes while the molecular tree divides protosomes in ecdysozoans and lophotrochozoans

48
Q

Ecdysozoans

A

Shed exoskeletons through a process called ecdysis

49
Q

what do lophotrochozoans have that other phyla dont

A

They have a feeding structure called a lophophore while other phyla go through a distinct larval stage called a trochophore

50
Q

Sponge phyla

A

porifera

51
Q

What lineage to sponges resemble and how do we know?

A

Sponges resemble choanoflagellates the most based on molecular evidence and morphology of their choanocytes

52
Q

What are the germ layers of sponges like?

A

loose federations of cells, they are not really tissues because the cells are relatively unspecialized

53
Q

Characteristic of sponge cells

A

no muscle or tissue, individual cells can react to the environment

54
Q

Spongocoel

A

central cavity of sponges where water is drawn into through pores

55
Q

Osculum

A

Larger opening in sponges that water flows out of

56
Q

What are characteristics of complex sponges?

A

They contain branched canals and several oscula

57
Q

Choanocytes

A

Collar cells lining the spongocoel that create a flow of water through the sponge with their flagella and trap food with collars

58
Q

How do sponges reproduce?

A

Asexually via regeneration from fragments broken off parent sponge

59
Q

How do sponges repair/heal and why is this special?

A

Regeneration, sponges can go through extensive regeneration compared to other animals

60
Q

sessile

A

anchored(sponges)

61
Q

Nervous system in sponges and cnidarians and ctenophores?

A

Sponges: not present

Cnidarians and ctenophores: present

62
Q

Cells around each layer bound together in sponges and cnidarians and ctenophores?

A

Sponges: No except for homoscleromorphs, they have basement membranes

Cnidarians and ctenophores: inter-cell connections and basement membranes

63
Q

number of cells in middle jelly layer in sponges and cnidarians and ctenophores

A

Sponges: many

Cnidarians and ctenophores: few

64
Q

Can cells in outer layers move inwards and change functions in sponges and cnidarians and ctenophores?

A

Sponges: Yes

Cnidarians and ctenophores: No

65
Q

Oldest eumetazoan clade

A

Radiata: animals with radial symmetry and diploblastic embryos

66
Q

What clade do most animal phyla belong to?

A

bilateria

67
Q

Deuterostomia

A

Vertebrates and some other animal phyla

68
Q

Cnidaria

A

Very old group, radial symmetry, sac with a central gastrovascular cavity, cnidocytes, part of eumetazoa. Have diversified into both sessile and floating forms of coral, jellies and hydras. Have a single opening that functions as mouth and anus

69
Q

Visceral

A

mass in the center of some animals that serves as the gut that is surrounded by the mantle

70
Q

Polyp/Medusa

A

Variations of the body plans of cnidarians. The polyp is sessile, whereas the medusa is the typical floating jellyfish

71
Q

cnidocytes

A

Unique cells that function in defense and capture of prey in the tentacles of cnidarians

72
Q

What kind of predators are cnidarians?

A

carnivores

73
Q

Ctenophora

A

Phylum of comb jellies that possess rows of ciliary plates and adhesive colloblasts, They superificially resemble cnidarian medusas, but the relationship between the two is uncertain. Ctenophora means “comb bearer”, have 8 rows of comb-like plates composed of fused cilia. Most comb jellies have a long pair of retractable tentacles

74
Q

Variety in ctenophora

A

some species are marine, some are spherical or ovoid, some are elongate and ribbon like

75
Q

Colloblasts

A

adhesive structures that secrete a stick thread to capture food in the tentacles of ctenophora

76
Q

What type of development do animals in bilateria have?

A

triploblastic

77
Q

Platyhelminthes

A

live in marine, freshwater, and damp terrestrial habitats. They are flattened dorsoventrally and have a gastrovascular cavity.

78
Q

Flatworms

A

triploblastic development, acoelmates

79
Q

Tapeworms

A

Parasitic, adult tapeworms live mostly in invertbrates/humans. They have suckers/hooks on their head/scolex anchor them in the digestive tract of the host. They have proglottids. They absorb food from hosts

80
Q

Proglottids

A

sacs of sex organs that lie posterior to the scolex in tapeworms

81
Q

Lophophore

A

horse-shoe shaped, suspended feeding organ with ciliated tentacles

82
Q

Ectoprocts

A

Colonial animals that superficially resemble plants, have lophophores(lophophorates)

83
Q

Phoronids

A

Tube-dwelling marine worms, range 1mm to 50cm in length, have lophphores(lophophorates)

84
Q

Why are molecular trees used more than morphological tress?

A

They have synapomorphies that tie morphologies together better than morphological trees

85
Q

Brachiopods

A

Superifically resemble clams and other hinge celled molluscs

86
Q

Difference between brachiopods and clams

A

the shells of brachiopods are dorsal/ventral and in clams theyre lateral

87
Q

Molluscs

A

visceral mass, muscular foot and mantle, most are marine and some are terrestrial or freshwater, soft bodies, most are protected by a hard shell, gonads loacated in visceral mass, have trochophore stage

88
Q

Annelids

A

segmented worms with bodies composed of series of fused rings

89
Q

Nemotades

A

non-segmented pseudocoelmates, covered by tough cuticle/exoskeleton, crops are rotated because of certain nematodes being parasites to specific crops, found in moist habitats, cylindrical bodies

90
Q

Why are nematodes and arthropods next to each in the molecular tree?

A

both have tough exoskeletons

91
Q

Arthropods

A

segmented coelemates, found in nearly all habitats, 2/3 of animals are arthrpods, appendeges are modified for many different functions, open cirulatory system

92
Q

Early arthrpods vs modern arthropods

A

early arthropods showed little variation from segment to segment, modern arthrpods and very diverse

93
Q

Organ evolution of arthropods

A

they have evolved for specialized gas exchange

94
Q

Hemolyph

A

Fluid that circulates to surrounding tissues and organs in arthropods, part of open circulatory system

95
Q

What relationship did insects and angiosperms have and what did it result in

A

they had a coevolutionary relationship, resulting in a vast growth in diversity for both groups

96
Q

Echinodermata

A

modified radial symmetry with 5 parts, larvae are bilateral, adults are secondarily symmetrical, no cephalization or brain, simple nervous system, hard endoskeleton covered in thin layer of skin, hard calcareous plates, prickly skeletons and spines with various functions, detachable body parts that will regenerate, external fertilization

97
Q

Water vascular system

A

tube feet functions in feeding, gas exchange, and feeding in echinoderms

98
Q

How do echinoderms respirate/excrete?

A

diffusions, they have no excretory organs

99
Q

Which groups are humans apart of?

A

Deuterostomes, chordata

100
Q

Reproduction of starfish

A

Both sexes release clouds of gametes into the water and fertilization occurs in the water, triggered mostly by water temp, as well as lighting and moon phases

101
Q

Subphyla of chordata

A

Urochordata/tunicates: Sessile adults with only pharyngeal slits, exhibit all 4 innovations at tad-pole like larvae, use siphons to filter feed, enclosed in tunic, rudimentary circulatory system, simple nervous system, mostly hermaphroditic

Cephalochordata: look like urochordata larvae as adults, marine filter feeders, exhibit all 4 innovations, gas exchange across body surface, mostly sessile but they can leave burrow and swim

102
Q

Chordata innovations

A
  1. Notochord(single flexible rod)
  2. Dorsal hollow nerve chord
  3. Pharyngeal slits
  4. Post anal tail

These are all exhibited at some time during chordata development

103
Q

Craniates

A

have cranium and neural crest and at least 2 Hox gene clusters, have a head

104
Q

Neural crest

A

embryonic cells that will disperse throughout the embryo contributing to the development of the skeleton, nerves, jaws, and teeth, unique to craniates, gave rise to bones, cartilige and other structures,

105
Q

Effects of evolution of a head in craniates

A

allowed chordates to become active predators

106
Q

Hagfish

A

Modern craniates, jawless, cartilege skull, axial cartilege rod derived from notochord, good sense of smell, produce slime as defense,

Bio 115H Dr Balish/Russel (9 decks)

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