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Bio 115H Dr Balish/Russel > Asexual and Sexual life cycles > Flashcards

Asexual and Sexual life cycles Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Pros/cons of asexual reproduction

A

Pros: no need for a mate, less energy required, poorly adapted individuals are removed from the population, low “genetic load”

Cons: less diversity, trouble if environment changes

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2
Q

Pros/Cons of sexual reproduction

A

Pros: greater genetic variability bc of 2 parents

Cons: specialized cells are energetically expensive, you may need to find/compete for a mate

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3
Q

What processes are common to all sexual life cycles?

A

Meiosis and fertilization

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4
Q

Genome

A

All of the DNA in a cell

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5
Q

What are chromosomes composed of?

A

DNA and protein

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6
Q

How are pairs of chromosomes similar/different?

A

Similar: They have the same genes

Different: They have different alleles

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7
Q

Polyploid

A

More than 2 copies of each chromosome are made

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8
Q

Why are plants more likely to be polyploid?

A

Proportionally, they have access to more energy

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9
Q

Aneuploid?

A

Different number of copies of each chromosome

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10
Q

How many homologous pairs do humans have?

A

23

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11
Q

What type of environment do asexual organisms tend to live in?

A

Static environment

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12
Q

Which organisms reproduce asexually?

A

ALL prokaryotes, some eukaryotes

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13
Q

How are haploid and diploid cells made in sexual reproduction?

A

Diploids become haploids in meiosis. haploids become diploids during fertilization

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14
Q

What do plants use meiosis for?

A

to make spores

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15
Q

What type of reproduction do asexual organisms use/dont use?

A

Dont use: Meiosis/fertilization

May use: Mitosis, binary fission

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16
Q

What MUST be involved for sexual reproduction?

A

Union of haploid cells to form a zygote. Meiosis and fertilization

17
Q

Sister chromatids

A

Joined copies of an original, duplicated chromosome

18
Q

Centromere

A

a region of repetitive sequences of DNA where a chromatid is most closely attached to its sister chromatid

19
Q

What happens to sister chromatids as they separate?

A

They become known as individual chromosomes after they separate

20
Q

Binary fission

A

An form asexual reproduction used by single celled organisms resulting in 2 daughter cells

  1. Origin of replication is copied and both origins move to opposite ends of the cell
  2. Replication continues, each origin is at the opposite end of the cell, the cell elongates
  3. Replication finishes and the middle of the plasma membrane pinches inward
21
Q

When does crossing over take place?

A

Prophase 1 of meiosis

22
Q

What is the result of meiosis 1?

A

Two haploid cells

23
Q

Homologous chomosomes

A

Two chromosomes of a pair that have the same length, centromere position and staining pattern. Both chromosomes carry genes controlling the same characteristics

24
Q

Which organisms can perform meiosis?

A

Those with a nucleus(eukaryotes)

25
Q

What is the purpose of meiosis in terms of DNA content?

A

It prevents DNA from doubling every single time fertilization occurs

26
Q

Synaptonemal complex

A

holds homologous pairs of chromosomes together

27
Q

Chiasma/chiasmata

A

Point of crossing over

28
Q

Crossing over

A

Happens to increase diversity, sister chromatids are no longer identical

29
Q

What separated in anaphase 1 and 2 of meiosis?

A

Homologous pairs separate in anaphase 1 and sister chromatids separate in meiosis 2

30
Q

Sporophyte

A

Diploid that grows on a gametophyte, makes haploid spores from meiosis

31
Q

How do plant gametes replicate?

A

Mitosis

32
Q

Which state is dominant in zygotic meiosis?

A

Haploid state

33
Q

What is the purpose/benefit of zygotic meiosis?

A

Genetic variety(because meiosis occurs)

34
Q

Which organisms use gametic meiosis?

A

Diploid multicellular organisms(animals

35
Q

Which organisms use zygotic meiosis?

A

Most fungi and some protists

36
Q

Which organisms use alternation of generations?

A

Plants and some algae

Bio 115H Dr Balish/Russel (9 decks)

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