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Bio 115H Dr Balish/Russel > Classification and microbial diversity > Flashcards

Classification and microbial diversity Flashcards

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1
Q

Purposes of a classification system

A
  1. Organization
  2. Communication
  3. Different languages/contexts/names
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2
Q

Carl Woese

A

Proposed using 16s rRNA gene as a molecular tool, discovered domain of archea by analyzing organisms at a cellular level, started molecular phylogenies

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3
Q

Characteristics of Bacillus

A

Rod shape, gram positive, endospore production, ubiquitous, consist of 3 species that some microbiologists argue are 3 strains of one species

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4
Q

3 domains of life

A
  1. Archea
  2. Eukarya
  3. bacteria
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5
Q

Ribosomes in eukaryotes vs prokaryotes

A

Eukaryotes have bigger ribosomes and 18s gene, prokaryotes have 16s gene

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6
Q

Monophyletic

A

Common ancestor+all descendants

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7
Q

Paraphyletic

A

Ancestor+some of its descendants

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8
Q

Polyphyletic

A

No ancestral evolutionary relationship(convergent/analogous)

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9
Q

Characteristics of all living things

A
  1. replication
  2. cell membrane
  3. DNA to RNA to Protein/Dogma
  4. Basic metabolism
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10
Q

Endospores

A

Type of specialized cell that is produced by certain genuses of bacteria. They are dormant, highly resistant, and have protection from extreme temps, uv rays, and alcohol. They are created during hard times

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11
Q

Avirulent vs virulent

A

Avirulent= not harmful

Virulent=harmful

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12
Q

Candidate phyla

A

Phyla that cant be grown in lab

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13
Q

What are fungi cell walls made of?

A

chitin

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14
Q

What do all prokaryotes have?

A

Ribosomes, nucleoid/genetic material, cell membrane

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15
Q

Nuclear envelope, membrane enclosed organelles, peptidoglycan in cell wall and membrane lipids in bacteria

A

Nuclear enveloped: absent

Membrane enclosed organelles: some prokaryotes have them, some dont

Peptidoglycan present in cell wall

Membrane lipids: unbranched hydrocarbons

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16
Q

Nuclear envelope, membrane enclosed organelles, peptidoglycan in cell wall and membrane lipids in archea

A

Nuclear envelope: Absent

Membrane enclosed organelles: some have them some dont

No Peptidoglycan in cell wall

Membrane lipids: Some branched hydrocarbons

17
Q

Nuclear envelope, membrane enclosed organelles, peptidoglycan in cell wall and membrane lipids in eukarya

A

Nuclear envelope: Present

Membrane enclosed organelles: Present

No peptidoglycan in cell wall

Membrane lipids: unbranched hydrocarbons

18
Q

Fimbriae

A

Little hairs on prokaryotic cells used to move around/stick

19
Q

Circular chromosomes and growth at temps>100C in archea, bacteria and eukarya

A

Circular chromosome: present in bacteria, present in archea and absent in eukarya

Growth at temps>100C: Some bacteria, some archea, no eukarya

20
Q

Photoautotropth energy source, carbon source and types of organisms

A

Energy source: light

carbon source: CO2, HCO3-, or related compound

Types of organisms: Photosynthetic prokaryotes and plants(eukaryotes)

21
Q

Chemoautotroph energy source, carbon source and types of organisms

A

Energy source: Inorganic chemicals

Carbon source: CO2, HCO3-, or related compound

Types of organisms: Unique to certain prokaryotes

22
Q

Photoheterotroph energy source, carbon source and types of organisms

A

Energy source: Light

Carbon source: organic compounds

Types of organisms: Certain, salt loving, prokaryotes

23
Q

Chemoheterotroph energy source, carbon source and types of organisms

A

Energy AND carbon source: Organic compounds

Types of organisms: Prokaryotes, fungi, animals, some plants

24
Q

Bacteria cell walls

A
  • most bacteria have cell walls, some dont
  • composed of peptidoglycan
  • Structure of wall determines response to gram satin test
25
Q

Gram negative bacteria

A
  • have an outer and inner membrane
  • cells with no wall also stain negative
  • harder to treat with antibiotics bc of outer and inner membrane
  • Must be killed more slowly because of LPS
26
Q

Gram stain test

A
  • Response to gram stain test is determined by structure of cell wall
  • Pulls water out of cells using ethanol
  • Not related to phylogenetic relationships
27
Q

Plasmids

A

extrachromosomal DNA, carry a few genes that are helpful in certain situations such as resistance. can be transferred between cells

28
Q

Capsule

A
  • found surrounding some bacteria
  • slimy
  • attracted to water
  • stick to surrounding surfaces
29
Q

Pilus/Pilii

A
  • Many different types
  • Cell w/plasmid senses cell w/o plasmid and transfers the plasmid
  • can happen between diff. species
30
Q

Flagellum

A
  • Arose from convergent evolution
  • anchored in gram negative membrane
  • bigger in eukaryotes than prokaryotes, they also have diff. internal components
  • tail made of proteins, spun by internal motor
  • delicate
31
Q

What makes archea unique with their cell membranes?

A

They have monolayers and ether linkages, thought to help them tolerate harsher conditions

Bio 115H Dr Balish/Russel (9 decks)

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