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Bio 115H Dr Balish/Russel > Plant evolution > Flashcards

Plant evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

Archeaplastida types and definition

A

Rhodophyta, glaucophyta, viridiplantae(all monophyletic)

Only group with primary plastidd

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2
Q

Types of viridiplantae

A

Chlorophyta, streptophyta, charophyta, embryophyta

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3
Q

Viridiplantae critical innovations

A

Chlorophyll a+b and storing extra energy as starch(symplesiomorphy)

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4
Q

Where did the mitochondria and chloroplast come from?

A

mitochondria: oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria

Chloroplast: cyanobacteria

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5
Q

Archeaplastida subgroups characteristic

A

monophyletic

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6
Q

Glycogen

A

Short term energy storage, stored in liver+muscles

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7
Q

Chlorophyta

A
  • Single-celled, green algae

* Haploid dominant reproduction

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8
Q

What transition also occurred as life moved from water to land?

A

Haploid dominant(zygotic) to diploid dominant(gametic)

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9
Q

Isogamy

A

Same size sex cells(symplesiomorphy)

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10
Q

Iteropaurous

A

Multiple chances at reproduction

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11
Q

Semelparous

A

One chance at sexual reproduction

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12
Q

Cellulose

A

Glucose polymer, strong, gives plant cell shape, no animal can make an enzyme that can break it down

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13
Q

What is ER responsible for?

A

lipid+protein production

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14
Q

Charophyceans

A
  • division of green algae
  • paraphyletic group
  • first land plants came from this group
  • 2 derived, symplesiomorphic traits came from this group: rosette proteins and phragmoplasts, both critical for life on land
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15
Q

Phycoplast

A

Microtubules are parallel to plane of division, no connections between daughter cells

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16
Q

Phragmoplasts

A

microtubules are perpendicular to plane of division, daughter cells are connected

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17
Q

Rosette proteins

A
  • Deposit cellulose fibers that form cell wall
  • Horizontally placed around cell
  • Allow for lengthening of cells
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18
Q

What did formation of rosette proteins and phragmoplasts lead to?

A
  1. cell to cell communication
  2. Different cellulose pattern, cell shape, form and function
  3. Tissue differentiation/specialization
  4. Apical meristems
  5. Branching
  6. Reproductive structures
  7. Gametophytic iteroparity(parents keep reproducing)
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19
Q

What did storing energy lead to in plant evolution?

A

More specialization, more likely to survive rough times

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20
Q

Purpose of having plasmodesmata+proteins

A

communication

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21
Q

Together, what did phragmoplasts and rosette proteins lead to?

A

Communication, altered pattern of of cellulose(cell shape), and tissue differentiation/specialization

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22
Q

Components of the tissue differentiation and specialization of plants

A
  1. Apical meristems
  2. Branching
  3. Reproductive strucutures
  4. Gametophytic iteroparity
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23
Q

Apical Meristems

A

Localized regions of growth in plants, 2 types: root and shoot apical meristems,

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24
Q

How did sexual reproduction cycles transitioned as plants transitioned from water to land?

A

zygotic meiosis to alternation of generations

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25
Q

Indeterminate growth

A

The type of growth plants perform. It is growth from the tips, where only cells in specialized regions divide

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26
Q

Advantage of indeterminate growth/apical meristems

A

plants are able to grow very large using this method

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27
Q

Disadvantage of indeterminate growth/apical meristems

A

Makes plant a larger target, loss of a small portion of vulnerable tissue can be fatal to the plant

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28
Q

Advantages of branching

A

increased surface area for photosynthesis, a plant can lose a branch and live, more specialization, more energy for future innovations, more offspring

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29
Q

Disadvantage of branching

A

higher energy cost, diffusion of water

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30
Q

isogamy

A

reproduction with equal sized gametes

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31
Q

Oogamy

A

reproduction with gametes where one gamete is bigger than the other

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32
Q

Oogamy advantage

A

more energy/nutrients for zygote, land plants evolved to use Oogamy

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33
Q

Oogamy disadvantage

A

More energetically expensive

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34
Q

Gametangia

A

components that make gametes

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35
Q

Reproductive strucutures/tactics evolved by plants

A
  1. Gametangia
  2. Archegonia
  3. Anthiridia
  4. Oogamy
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36
Q

Effects of evolution of reproductive structures in plants

A

Zygote retained/protected, increased parental investment

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37
Q

gametophytic semelparity

A

Gametes fuse and parental generation disappears

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38
Q

Sexual reproduction cycle of charophytes

A

zygotic meiosis

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39
Q

What did streptophytes lead to?

A

embryophytes

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40
Q

Charophyceans

A

Paraphyletic streptophyte group, cellulose, chlorophyll a+b, plastids starches, haploid dominant, aquatic, disc shape(multicellular haploid body)

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41
Q

Advantage/disadvantage of charophycean disc shape

A

gives more surface area in water, bad on land because it would dry out

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42
Q

Biggest challenge in transitioning from water to land plants

A

getting water on land

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43
Q

How do we know bacteria moved to land before plants?

A

only bacteria can fix nitrogen, no plant can

44
Q

What organisms moved to land after plants?

A

animals

45
Q

Cuticle

A

Made of Cutin+waxes, transparent, absorbs UVB rays, barrier for water loss, energetically expensive, impacts gas exchange

46
Q

Stroma

A

open and close to allow for gas exchange, guard cells swell(open) and compress(close) based on water pressure in vacuole

47
Q

Delayed meiosis

A

produces 4 haploid spores with zygotic meiosis(doubling of population each generation), each haploid can for a new haploid adult, zygote undergoes mitosis instead of meiosis right away, emerged from zygotic meiosis

48
Q

What distinguishes alternation of generations from zygotic meiosis?

A

multicellular diploid generation

49
Q

Where do cells undergo meiosis to form haploid cells?

A

embryo

50
Q

sporophyte

A

multicellular diploid phase

51
Q

Delayed meiosis sequence

A

zygote under goes mitosis to form multicellular diploid, multicellular diploid undergoes meiosis to form haploid spores, haploid spores undergo mitosis to form multicellular diploid, post fertilization, zygote is in archegonium of the haploid tissue(gametophyte)

52
Q

How did formation of the ozone layer affect movement of plants to land

A

it filtered uv light and warmed the earth, helping plants move to warm

53
Q

Zygotic meiosis

A

post fertilization, zygote is in the archegonium of the haploid tissue(gametophyte), 4 spores form

54
Q

Sporangium

A

Layer of diploid tissue encasing part of the sporophyte that will undergo meiosis to produce a mass of spores, bursts open when spores are released and sporangium dies

55
Q

What type of reproduction did acheaplastids and their ancestors use?

A

They all used zygotic meiosis, except for embryophytes, they used alternation of generations(synampomorphy)

56
Q

Which plants are members of archeaplastida?

A

red+green algea, plants

57
Q

What were zygotes of early land plants like?

A

embryo attached to multicellular haploid body

58
Q

Gametophyte/sporophyte relationship and comparison

A

Gametophyte is bigger and photosynthetic, sporophyte depends on gametophyte

59
Q

Advantage of delayed meiosis

A

it produced thousands of offspring as opposed to just 4

60
Q

Bryophytes

A

small, cuticles, delayed meiosis, stoma, non vascular, land plants, haploid dominant, first land plant lineage, embryo becomes the 2n sporophyte, protected and produced lots of offspring(spores), group of embryophytes

61
Q

Why were/are some plants small?

A

they relied on diffusion

62
Q

Benefit of being a diploid organism

A

diploid organisms have 2 copies of each gene, 1 can be a backup

63
Q

What was the purpose for upright 2n stage in bryophytes?

A

It allowed for dispersal of spores

64
Q

Sporophytes of bryophytes

A

semelperous(dies when it opens), parasitic, depends on gametophyte, not photosynthetic, no branches(limited growth), covered in cuticle, 2n, bulbous ends to the plant

65
Q

Sphagnum

A

absorbant, acidic, antibacterial, used as wound dressing

66
Q

Tracheaphytes

A

followed bryophytes, branching, diploid dominant, shifted from gametophyte dominant to sporophyte dominant, some branches are photosynthetic+specialized, some disperse spores, vascular

67
Q

Vascular tissue

A

lignin(wood) in cell walls, lead to tissue specialization, not photosynthetic, xylem and phloem

68
Q

Diploid dominant advantage

A

more water available, sporophyte can get big because it has structural support, more efficient cooling, more UVB tolerance

69
Q

Seedless vascular plants characteristics

A

Paraphyletic group, lycopods, leaf like strucutures, dominant group was massive trees

70
Q

Evolution of leaves in plants

A

analagous, major adaptation for life on land, veins

71
Q

What plant group do red algae belong to?

A

Rhodophyta

72
Q

Groups of acheaplastida

A

Rhodophyta, glaucophyta, viridiplantae

73
Q

What is necessary for multicellularity and how was it achieved in plants?

A
  1. Cell to cell communication via phragmoplast+plasmodesmata
  2. Tissue differentiation
  3. Altered cell shape for different functions via rosette proteins
74
Q

Difference between sporophyte and embryo

A

Embryo is only present in delayed meiosis and sporophyte is present in delayed and normal meiosis

75
Q

Seedless vascular plants innovations

A

Branching, vascular tissue(lignin), diploid dominance

76
Q

Difference between grouping of lycophytes and pteridophytes

A

Pteridophytes are seedless vascular plants AND euphyllophytes, Lycophytes are just seedless vascular plants

77
Q

Leaves arose from which type of evolution?

A

analogous/convergent

78
Q

Benefits of leaves

A

more surface area, more photosynthesis, more carbon, more energy available to spend

79
Q

Megaphylls vs microphylls

A

Megaphylls: multiple veins, seen in gymnosperms and angiosperms, increases photosynthesis, derived from branch system

Microphylls: single vein

80
Q

Euphyllophyta

A

true leaf plants

81
Q

Origin of megaphyll

A

3D branching▶️overtopping▶️plantation of lateral branches▶️webbing with ground tissue between branches

82
Q

Advantage of overtopping

A

Larger space occupied, more surface area

83
Q

pteridophyta characteristics

A

ferms, diverse, highest number of species yet, many different morphologies

84
Q

Seed plant innovations

A

true leaves, seed, heterospory, ovules, seeds

85
Q

Homospory and heterospory

A

Homospory: Single spore produced a gametophyte that is bisexual via mitosis

Heterospory: (sympleisiomorphy) spores already have a sexual expression, mega/microsporangia, arose from convergent evolution. Some lycopods/pteridophytes or heterosporous, ALL seed plants are heterosporous

86
Q

Megasporangium

A

(female) Produces spores by meiosis that use mitosis to germinate and divide, forming a multicellular megagametophyte that will have an archegonia where eggs will develop

87
Q

Microsporangium

A

Produces spores by meiosis that will germinate and divide by mitosis to form a multicellular microgametophyte that will have antheridia where sperm will develop

88
Q

Advantages/disadvantages of heterospory

A

More offspring, more energetically expensive(leaves help this)

89
Q

Ovule

A

Retained, integumented megasporangium

90
Q

Pollen grain role in sexual plant cycles

A

microgametophyte, multicellular haploid generation

91
Q

How did reproductive cycles change as a result of heterospory?

A

Sporophyte generation is dominant, gametophyte is retained, microgametophyte is the only gametophyte released

92
Q

Seeds

A

Point in plant evolution where sporophyte generation becomes completely dominant, contains embryo and resources, gametophyte relies on sporophyte, major innovation

93
Q

Flowers

A

angiosperms, shortened stems with modified leaves, extreme variation due to co evolution with pollinators and seed dispersal agents

94
Q

Angiosperm definition+innovations

A

Flowering plants

Innovations: flowers, carpel, pollen tubes and fruitd

95
Q

Orange plastids

A

chromoplasts full of caretenoids in flowering plants

96
Q

Flowering plant characteristics

A

Orange plastids, vacuoles full of red, pink and purple anthocyanins, cone shaped epidermis cells(velvety appearance)

97
Q

Carpel

A
  • aka pistil
  • additional protective layer around ovules/integuments
  • modified leaves
  • Fuse to form more complex pistils
98
Q

How is the megasporangium reached through the ovule and carpel?

A

Pollen lands on liquid drop and grows a tube to the megasporangium and two nuclei are discharged into the embryo sac where double fertilization occurs to form a diploid zygote

99
Q

Fruit

A

After fertilization the ovule develops into the seed and the pistil into the fruit. They have a lot of variation

100
Q

Berries

A

single flower with one ovary

101
Q

What do all charophyceans have and what do some charophyceans have?

A

They all have: cellulose-rich wall, chlorophyll a+b, starch produced in plastids

Some have: Plasmodesmata, sexual reproduction

102
Q

stretophyte innovation

A

cellulose in cell walls

103
Q

What lead to embryophytes

A

charophytes/streptophytes and their innovations

104
Q

What allowed gametic iteroparity

A

Archegonia/antheridia

105
Q

What produced spores?

A

sporangium

106
Q

Xylem/phloem

A

Xylem: moves water up plant
Phloem: moves sugar down plant

107
Q

What plants have micro/megasporangia and which plants have antheridia/archegonia?

A

micro/megasporangia: flowering plants

archegonia/antheridia: other plants

Bio 115H Dr Balish/Russel (9 decks)

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