SPCH 102 Final Flashcards
What are the six principles of communication?
Communication is…
- Limited
- Occurring on levels
- Contextual
- A process
- Irreversible
- Unavoidable
Why is communication unavoidable?
behavior carries messages and our brains are wired to process environmental cues
Why is communication irreversible?
once a message is received, it cannot be un-received
Why is communication a process?
- encoding
- sending
- decoding
- responding
Why does communication have limitations?
obstacles can limit the possibility of mutual understanding at any time (e.g. noise, perception, assumptions, bias, incorrect attributions, self-fulfilling prophecies, communication gaps)
Why does communication occur on multiple levels?
symbolic (verbal/nonverbal messages), scale (self-talk/mass communication), social (comfort level when sharing)
Why does communication occur in context?
depends on why (functional context), what (message), who (relational context), where (physical context), and when (chronological context)
What is feedback?
a response to a message; paraphrase, ask questions, be supportive, encourage, analyze, give advice
demographics
consider characteristics of a population (gender, age, edu, socio-eco status, etc.)
psychographics
consider attitudes, interests, values, beliefs, knowledge, etc.
specific purpose
can be an infinitive phrase beginning with “to inform my audience…” which explains what you want the audience to understand as a result of listening to your speech
thesis
a single sentence encapsulating the information you will share; more specific than your purpose statement b/c reveals concrete detail about the content of your speech
supporting material
citations from more specific sources of information you have consulted
plagiarism
using the words, ideas, or original material of another person without acknowledging the source
values
our intrinsic commitment to our ideas of what is right or wrong, good or bad; inform how we live in the world
major types of informative speeches
objects and places, people, processes, events, concepts
persuasive speeches can
challenge our audience’s beliefs, attitudes, or values
informative speeches
increase an audience’s knowledge about a specific topic; teach
the narrative paradigm
all meaningful communication is a form of storytelling
narratives are stories that present
spoken, visual, and/or written accounts of connected events
how to evaluate a primary source
- closely observe (who, when, where does your eye go first)
- look for key details (anything unexpected? powerful ideas expressed?)
- speculate about each source, its creator, and its content (what was happening, what was intention, audience, biases)
- does this source agree with other primary sources, or with what the students already know? (test assumptions, find other primary/secondary sources that offer support or contradiction)
how to evaluate a secondary source
- date, coverage, authority, objectivity, accuracy
2. URL
Why should you give credit to a source?
adds credibility; avoid plagiarism
primary source
interview, survey, autobiography
secondary source
books, gov’t docs, periodicals, academic and trade journals
introductions should include
attention-getter, thesis, credibility, preview of main points, transition
body should include
main points, subpoints, citations
conclusion should include
signal end, review main points, relate thesis, challenge audience, closing attention-getter
three rules for main points
- unified to support thesis
- arranged to be easy to follow
- equalized in the amount of time spent on each main point
transition
words, phrases, or sentences connecting the different parts of the speech
why use transitions?
to move from intro to first main point, to move b/w main points, to move from body to conclusion
patterns of organization
problem-solution, problem-cause-solution, Monroe’s motivated sequence
Monroe’s motivated sequence (5 steps)
- attention
- need
- satisfaction
- visualization
- action
modes of delivery
impromptu, memorized, manuscript, extemporaneous
vocal messaging
any vocal engagement used to express meaning; conveyed through pitch, tone, volume, and rate
pitch
the highness or lowness of sound
tone
the quality of sound
resonance
the prolonged sound through reverberation
volume
loudness/softness of a sound
rate
how rapidly or slowly you speak
vocal variety
diversifies expression to underscore your message and increase listener engagement
ethos
refers to a speaker’s credibility; a speaker with good character gains the trust of an audience by speaking with authority and truthfulness
pathos
appeal to emotion; a speaker should understand what moves an audience and be empathetic toward their feelings on a subject
logos
logical appeal; a speaker should be able to provide sound reasoning when drawing conclusions, making inferences, and/or demonstrating the truth
every speech should aim for
simplicity
ethics
a system of moral principles governing appropriate conduct of individuals or groups
ethical sender
present messages in a way that shows respect for receivers; focus on establishing common ground and pursuing positive goals; invest time and energy in preparing a relevant message for the audience, research, prepare an outline, dress up, and rehearse
ethical message
a topic you know something about/what to learn more about; conduct research; be transparent regarding your intentions; invest in your ideas
ethical receiver
respect the sender; arrive on time, be rested, relieve yourself of distractions, focus on listening and understanding; listen empathetically and respond respectfully
stage fright
idea of presenting a speech in front of an audience has you nervous; rehearsal is the best way to prepare and diminish stage fright
