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Spring 2017 > Psy 201 Test 1 > Flashcards

Psy 201 Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

When/where was the first psychology lab? Who was responsible?

A

1879, University of Leipzig, Wilhelm Wundt

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2
Q

Who was one of the first to define psychology? How did he define it?

A

William James, “science of mental life, both of its phenomena and their conditions”

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3
Q

What is the book’s definition of psychology?

A

the science that studies behavior and the physiological and cognitive processes that underlie behavior, and it is the profession that applies that accumulated knowledge of this science to a practical problem

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4
Q

How did psychology develop?

A

questions about the nature of man go back to Ancient Greece (or further w/o record); merging of philosophical questions with physiology

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5
Q

The earliest work in experimental psychology was in ?

A

psycho-physics

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6
Q

Ernst Weber

A

interested in reliability of our senses, Weber’s Law (K=change in Intensity/Intensity)

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7
Q

Gustav Fechner

A

father of psycho-physics, studied Weber’s Law in a different way

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8
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

father of psychology, first psychology lab 1879, wanted to study consciousness (questions about experiences, introspection), thought meter experiment (delay in thoughts)

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9
Q

Edward Titchener

A

English, attracted to the field by Wundt, used introspection but in a more restrictive sense than Wundt, wanted to find basic elements of consciousness (found over 40k, dead end), school of thought - STRUCTURALISM

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10
Q

William James

A

credited for founding school of thought known as FUNCTIONALISM

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11
Q

What was functionalism?

A

focus on the adaptive nature of behavior and consciousness serving a function for the organism, “stream of consciousness,” ever-changing

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12
Q

John Watson

A

establishment of BEHAVIORISM, on nurture side of nature/nurture debate, “Little Albert” demo - induced a phobia in a child

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13
Q

What was behaviorism?

A

mental states are not observable, so let’s focus on observable behavior

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14
Q

BF Skinner

A

major contributor to BEHAVIORISM in the 20th century, refined concept of reinforcement and punishment, believed in determinism (no free will) and that your environment influences your behavior, worked a lot with animals; argued against the study of cognition

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15
Q

What did Gestalt psychologists emphasize?

A

cognitive principles of learning; see the whole before the pieces

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16
Q

What did Sigmund Freud emphasize?

A

unconscious processes affect behavior; psychoanalytic aproach

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17
Q

What were the challenges to behaviorism?

A

Gestalt psychology, Freud, humanism

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18
Q

What was humanism?

A

thought behaviorism to be too simplistic, believed in human potential and basic goodness

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19
Q

Who were two supporters of humanism?

A

Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers

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20
Q

Abraham Maslow

A

self-actualization; hierarchy of needs

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21
Q

Carl Rogers

A

the self, client-centered therapy

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22
Q

Evolutionary Psychology

A

a descendant of functionalism; examines behavioral processes in terms of their adaptive value for members of a species over many generations

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23
Q

Positive Psychology

A

spearheaded by Martin Seligman; psychology has traditionally focused on negative events, so positive psych focused on what makes people happy, creative, etc. rather than what’s wrong with them; Journal of Happiness Studies; focus on spiritual matters

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24
Q

Mary Whiton Calkins

A

studied under William James at Harvard, never got PhD bc Harvard would not allow it, first woman president of APA, invented paired-associate learning (valuable tool for studying verbal memory)

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25
Q

Margaret Floy Washburn

A

first woman to get a PhD (from Cornell under Titchener), 2nd female APA prez, wrote the Animal Mind talking about incredible animal accomplishments

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26
Q

Leta Stetter Hollingworth

A

pioneering work on adolescent development and “gifted” (coined term) children, major role in debunking myths about female inferiority to males

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27
Q

What is critical thinking?

A

a logical and rational process of avoiding one’s preconceptions by gathering evidence, contemplating and evaluating alternatives, and coming to a conclusion; a built-in part of Weiten’s text

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28
Q

Psychology uses the ? to the study of behavior, although there are endeavors that pass themselves off as psychology that do not study behavior scientifically

A

scientific approach

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29
Q

Goals of the scientific enterprise

A
  1. measurement and description (must find a way to accurately measure what we want to study)
  2. understanding and prediction (hypothesis; variables)
  3. application and control (applicability of results is a desirable end)
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30
Q

What is a theory?

A

a system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations and make predictions

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31
Q

Karl Popper

A

principle of falsifiability (a good theory must have the ability to be disproven)

32
Q

steps in a scientific investigation

A
  1. formulate a hypothesis 2. design the study 3. collect the data 4. analyze data and draw conclusions 5. report the findings
33
Q

peer review process

A

still in place in reputable journals - your findings must be testing/corroborated before being published

34
Q

experiment

A

a research method in which the investigator manipulates a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observes whether any changes occur in a 2nd variable as a result; best research design for CAUSE AND EFFECT relationships

35
Q

independent vs dependent variable

A

independent - manipulated by experimenter; dependent - measured by experiment to assess effects of independent

36
Q

experimental and control groups

A

experimental group receives the treatment and the control group does not for comparison

37
Q

placebo

A

fake drug indistinguishable from real thing

38
Q

placebo effect

A

people receiving a fake drug seem to improve based upon their expectation of what the drug is supposed to do

39
Q

random sampling

A

each entity in the population has an equal chance of being chosen for a given group

40
Q

extraneous variables

A

uncontrolled variables that may affect the dependent variable

41
Q

confounding variables

A

2+ variables that cannot be separated

42
Q

correlational research

A

non-experimental research that measures if two things are related; does not allow statements of cause and effect; 3rd variable phenomenon (ex: ice cream sold in relation to crime rate of a city - heat)

43
Q

correlation coefficient

A

range from -1 to +1 (negative, no, and positive correlation); the closer to either end, the stronger the relationship

44
Q

Frances Galton

A

correlation, fingerprints, eugenics (people who would weaken gene pool should not be allowed to reproduce)

45
Q

naturalistic observation

A

observe the entities of interest in their natural setting w/o disturbing them or letting them know they are being observed

46
Q

case study

A

in-depth study of an individual or small group of individuals; results are not very generalizable

47
Q

survey

A

efficient gathering of info about some aspects of a person’s behavior; prone to self-report bias

48
Q

experimental bias

A

expectations of findings lead to false interpretations or biased interactions

49
Q

sampling bias

A

samples not representative of population

50
Q

double-blind experiment

A

neither the experimenter nor the participant know which group the participant is in

51
Q

protection of research subjects began after WWII with the ? because of (give examples)

A

Nuremburg Code; Tuskegee syphilis study (AA males - groups given drug get better, others die), experiments on POWs

52
Q

Belmont Report 1972

A

addressed psychological research (like Nuremburg Code but for psychology); stimulated by studies like Milgram and Zimbardo

53
Q

Stanley Milgram

A

obedience study; shock administration - people follow orders

54
Q

Phillip Zimbardo

A

Stanford Prison Study; randomly assigned people to either be prisoners or guards, guards abuse power, stop experiment early

55
Q

Institutional Review Boards (IRBs)

A

a group of people, usually professors/community members, that reviews all research study proposals and approve the study once they’ve ensured it is risk-free

56
Q

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)

A

basically IRB for animals; have to approve proposed animal studies; use least sentient (able to be aware) species

57
Q

Phineas Gage

A

a stone-cutter in Vermont who had a tamping iron go through his skill; it didn’t kill him; portion of prefrontal lobe destroyed, associated with high-order cognitive thinking and personality, which caused him to become profane and have trouble socializing/focusing

58
Q

two major types of cells in the central nervous system

A

neurons (info processors) and glial cells (support for neurons, housekeeping functions, provide myelin sheaths, star-shaped, move around)

59
Q

four basic parts of a neuron

A
  1. dendrites (input side of cell) - branches, receive inputs of other cells
  2. soma - cell body; has a nucleus
  3. axons (output side of cell) - often branches but leaves cell body as one; myeling sheath for insulation/speed
  4. terminal buttons (contain vesicles with neurotransmitter) - release chemical (every given neuron only has one type of neurotransmitter)
60
Q

studies by ? and ? and others with the giant squid axon indicated that at rest the inside of the neuron is ? more ? than the outside, thus ? is stored at rest

A

Hodgkin and Huxley; about 70 mV more negative; potential energy

61
Q

sodium-potassium pump

A

protein complex in membrane of cells; takes 3 sodium ions and removes them from the cell while taking in two potassium ions; net result - lose 3+ gain 2+ so 1-

62
Q

action potential

A

if resting potential drops below about -55mV or so, this will cause a rapid depolarization of the neuron; a very brief shift in a neuron’s charge that travels along the axon

63
Q

action potential travels rapidly in an ? fashion until reaching terminal button, and it is caused by ? ions rushing in (up/downswing) and ? ions rushing out (up/downswing)

A

all or none, sodium in (upswing), potassium out (downswing)

64
Q

if calcium is present in sufficient quantities in the neuron, a process called ? occurs whereby vesicles migrate to the cell membrane, fuse with it, and spill their contents of neurotransmitters out of the cell

A

exocytosis

65
Q

synapse

A

small gap b/w cells

66
Q

presynaptic cell

A

releases NT

67
Q

postsynaptic cell

A

cell across the synapse where binding sites are present

68
Q

postsynaptic potentials

A

NT spilled into synapse causes membrane changes/ion shifts in postsynaptic cell

69
Q

excitatory postsynaptic potential

A

positive voltage change that increases the likelihood that the PSN will fire

70
Q

inhibitory postsynaptic potential

A

negative voltage change that decreases the likelihood that the PSN will ifre

71
Q

whether PSN actually fires depends on the sum total of the many ? and ? that may be acting on the cell at a given time; this allows for great flexibility

A

excitatory postsynaptic potentials and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials

72
Q

agonist

A

a chemical that mimics the effects of a neurotransmitter (stimulates postsynaptic cell)

73
Q

antagonist

A

a chemical that opposes the action of a neurotransmitter (binds but is inactive - blocks)

74
Q

acetylcholine

A

neuromusculine junction in the periphery involved in attention, arousal, and probably memory

75
Q

what is the agonist for acetylcholine? the antagonist?

A

agonist - nicotine

antagonist - curare

76
Q

acetylcholinesterase

A

always present in synapse; breaks down ACh; unique among NTs

77
Q

AChE inhibitors lead to

A

an excess of ACh, muscles tense up; toxic, nerve gas; bug spray is nerve gas for a bug

Spring 2017 (7 decks)

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