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Spring 2017 > Psy 201 Test 2 > Flashcards

Psy 201 Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

dopamine (DA)

A

a monoamine found the in the pleasure center of the brain; controls voluntary movement and pleasurable emotions

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2
Q

dopamine’s agonists

A

cocaine and amphetamines

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3
Q

dopamine’s removal from the synapse is due to ?

A

reuptake (not enzymatic like ACh)

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4
Q

Not enough dopamine is associated with ? Why?

A

Parkinson’s disease; causes difficulty with movement

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5
Q

Too much dopamine is associated with ?

A

schizophrenia

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6
Q

What is Parkinson’s Disease?

A

a disorder in the midbrain: substantia nigra begins to break down, send impulses to basal ganglia (which initiate movement); resting tremor, “Frankenstein walk”

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7
Q

Norepinephrine (NE)

A

generally affected by things that affect dopamine; associated with mood and arousal; used by sympathetic nervous system (fight/flight)

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8
Q

Serotonin (5-HT)

A

complex effects on sleep, mood, eating

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9
Q

agonists for serotonin

A

drugs like Prozac (SSRI - selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor)

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10
Q

deficits in serotonin are associated with increased ? , so there are drugs that try to increase serotonin to decrease ? (such as Prozac)

A

depression; depression

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11
Q

glycine

A

basic inhibitory neurotransmitter that is found in the brain and the spinal chord; slows things down

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12
Q

agonist for glycine

A

tetanus toxin (which causes tetany of muscles - freeze up/contract)

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13
Q

glutamate

A

basic excitatory neurotransmiter found in the brain; may be involved in major depressive disorder; MSG (monosodium glutamate - used to put in food, flavor enhancer, overexcited some people’s nervous system)

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14
Q

GABA

A

generally inhibitory in brain; preset throughout the brain to inhibit; involved in anxiety disorders, maybe alcohol abuse

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15
Q

deterioration of GABA neurons result in ? (uncontrollable movements - eventually leads to death)

A

Huntington’s chorea

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16
Q

endorphins

A

opiate-like compounds that are endogeneous (like pain killers, idea of runner’s high [not proven])

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17
Q

the nervous system is composed of the central nervous system (? and ?) and the peripheral nervous system (? and ?)

A

brain, spinal chord

somatic nervous system, autonomic nervous system

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18
Q

brain

A

hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain

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19
Q

hindbrain

A

reticular formation, cerebellum, pons, medulla

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20
Q

midbrain

A

reticular formation

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21
Q

forebrain

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, cerebrum

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22
Q

somatic nervous system (voluntary)

A

mainly controls muscles; two types of nerves: afferent (incoming/sensory - Affect you) and efferent (outgoing/motor - you are Effecting something)

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23
Q

autonomic nervous system (involuntary)

A

mainly controls organs; sympathetic division (mobilizes resources; exercise, nervous) and parasympathetic division (conserves resources; slows heart down, etc.); hormones

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24
Q

spinal chord

A

31 pairs of spinal nerves; conduit to get info to and from the brain and the rest of the body

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25
Q

Where are the consequences of a break along the spinal chord greater?

A

higher (more info processed here - legs, organs, shoulders; lower you only have info from feet, legs, etc.)

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26
Q

“white” vs “gray” matter in spinal chord

A

central area that is gray - collection of cell bodies; white matter - axons (bc of their myelin sheaths)

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27
Q

medulla

A

home to basic physiological functions (breathing, circulatory system); collection of nuclei w/ function

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28
Q

pons

A

swollen bc receives a lot of input from cerebellum; “bridge”; involved in sleep and arousal

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29
Q

cerebellum

A

“little cerebrum” b/c looks similar; primarily comparitor circuits (i.e. where is my arm now vs where do I want it to be); motor memory (ex: riding a bike); rhythm, anticipation of rhythm

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30
Q

reticular formation

A

group of fibers that carry stimulation related to sleep and arousal

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31
Q

substantia nigra

A

located in the midbrain

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32
Q

superior colliculi

A

top 2 bumps, involved with vision, not conscious, orient toward stimuli

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33
Q

inferior colliculi

A

bottom two bumps, hearing, orient to stimuli; blind sight (eyes still seeing but cut off before processed in occipital lobe - makes it to superior colliculus below level of consciousness)

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34
Q

thalamus

A

bilateral (one on each side), looks like an egg; weigh station for sensory info from all over the body; the one sense that does not synapse in thalamus is smell

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35
Q

hypothalamus

A

below thalamus, controls a lot for small size; eating, sleep, growth, sexual behavior; controls pituitary (master) gland

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36
Q

pituitary gland

A

controls many other glands

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37
Q

corpus callosum

A

made up of axons to connect regions; inter-connection between two big hemispheres (split brain studies - no communication between hemispheres)

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38
Q

basal ganglia

A

located in the forebrain

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39
Q

cortex

A

“bark” of a tree, outer layer, divided into lobes

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40
Q

occipital lobe

A

vision/primary visual cortex

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41
Q

temporal lobe

A

near temples, primary auditory cortex

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42
Q

parietal lobe

A

primary somatosensory cortex (analyzing senses, sensation)

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43
Q

frontal lobe

A

primary motor cortex

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44
Q

prefrontal lobe

A

very front of frontal lobe (prefrontal lobotomy - remove fibers in portion of the brain, more docile but clueless)

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45
Q

CT scan

A

computerized tomography; x-rays that take different slices and put together for a picture

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46
Q

PET scan

A

positron emission (give person radioactive glucose, let sit, more active parts of brain give out more radiation for picture)

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47
Q

MRI scan

A

strong magnet causes cells to orient, different orientation depending on the tissue

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48
Q

fMRI scan

A

combo of PET (activity) and MRI (detail); structure/activity; functional MRI

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49
Q

Darwin & natural selection

A

“survival of the fittest” (reproductive success)

50
Q

natural selection

A

characteristics with reproductive advantages more likely to be passed on to subsequent generations and become a dominant characteristic

51
Q

adaptations

A

inherited characteristics that increase a population because they helped solve a problem of survival or reproduction; preference for fatty substances in prehistoric individuals (slow metabolism was good); many survival behaviors such as camouflage, etc.

52
Q

sensation

A

the stimulation of sensory organs

53
Q

perception

A

the selection, organization and interpretation of sensory input

54
Q

physical energy (stimulus) > ? > ?

A

> sensory transduction (convert to neural impulses) > elaboration and editing of impulses (perceive)

55
Q

early experimental psychology was the study of

A

psychophysics (the study of the relationship of physical stimuli with psychological response)

56
Q

examples of psychophysics studies

A

Weber’s Law (k = ΔI / I), Fechner’s Law (s = k * logI)

57
Q

we cannot perceive things for which we have no ?, but humans have developed instruments such as Geiger counters, microscopes, etc.

A

sensory apparatus

58
Q

perception is based upon the interpretation of ?, nothing more (no homunculus)

A

neural impulses

59
Q

naive realism

A

the world is exactly as we perceive it, no more or no less

60
Q

subjective idealism

A

opposite of naive realism; the physical world is actually a product of the mind

61
Q

law of specific nerve energies

A

attributed originally to Johannes Muller, a famous German physiologist; What would we experience if the auditory nerve and optic nerve could be switched? What is important for how a neural impulse will be interpreted? (not the nerve itself, but where it goes in the brain); visual to auditory would be interpreted as auditory as best as possible and so on

62
Q

the physical stimulus for vision is

A

visible light, which occupies a small part of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum (360 to 740nm)

63
Q

light is both a ? and a ?, but we think of it as a ? because it has a frequency

A

wave and particle; wave

64
Q

violet > red (wavelengths)

A

400 (faster) > 700 (slower)

65
Q

emitted vs reflected light

A

emitted - from a source (sun, light bulb); reflected - bounces off; surfaces “sculpt” the patterns of reflected light

66
Q

cornea

A

hard membrane, continuous with structure all around to back of eye; transparent at front, becomes opaque further back (sclera - white of eye); important for light refraction

67
Q

anterior chamber

A

chamber filled with fluid called aqueous humor, constantly produced by cells lining chamber, fluid drains thru pores; pressure in this chamber is the #1 cause of blindness (increased pressure if pores clog > Glaucoma)

68
Q

iris

A

muscles that contract/relax to change size of pupil; color of eye (more melanin, more dark color eyes)

69
Q

pupil

A

hole that lets light in; diameter depends on amount of ambient light (increased light, decreased pupil size); can change size by a factor of about 16; controlled by sympathetic/parasympathetic nervous system (stress - dilate, excited - dilate)

70
Q

lens

A

“crystalline lens”; does a lot of work with refraction (finishes cornea’s job) to focus light on back eye; can change length to change focal length (“accomodation”) to look at things that are far away or close up; with age, lens gets thick and hard to change shape - turn yellow, opaque areas (cataract); cataract surgery - remove lens an dreplace with plastic one (at least can see far off)

71
Q

posterior chamber

A

roughly 5/6 of eye; filled with vitreous humor - not constantly replenished, consistency of uncooked egg white, fill up space to keep eye round (floaters = cells knocked off)

72
Q

retina

A

light sensitive portion of eye, has photo receptors (rods and cones); retinal ganglion cells receive input from photoreceptors, give off axon that migrates to optic disk

73
Q

rods

A

sensitive, used in low-light conditions, mainly in periphery of vision; only one type - can distinguish shades of gray by itself because in lowlight, light is not strong enough to activate cones

74
Q

cones

A

located in fovea (center focal point); less sensitive, more accurate vision; 3 different types of cones if not colorblind, allowing us to respond differently to different wavelengths

75
Q

optic disk

A

where all axons go to and exit eye; no photoreceptors there - blindspot

76
Q

optic nerve

A

formed from axons of retinal ganglion nerves; goes to brain, mainly to occipital lobe (primary visual cortex); small parts sent other places (e.g. superior colliculus, areas of brain that have to do with biologic rhythms)

77
Q

refraction errors cause

A

nearsightedness and farsightedness

78
Q

nearsightedness

A

eyeball too long, focal point in front of retina, most common, AKA “Myopia,” nearsighted people CAN see NEAR, not far off

79
Q

farsightedness

A

eyeball too short, focal point beyond retina, AKA “Hyperopia,” people can see things far off but not close up

80
Q

optical illusions

A

due to assumptions made by visual system and are not accurate, often due to past learning, so the system can be fooled (rare); shortcuts - assuming something will be a certain way because of how it was in the past (expectation driving perception)

81
Q

consciousness

A

the awareness of internal and external stimuli; levels of consciousness vary from moment to moment

82
Q

William James

A

stream of consciousness (actually goes back 1000s of years)

83
Q

notions of unconscious often attributed to ?, but it goes back at least to ?

A

Freud; Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz

84
Q

Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz

A

“petites perceptions” which are below conscious perception but can accumulate enough to cause awareness of what Leibniz called “apperception”; maybe first to postulate an unconscious mind and the concept of a “limen,” or threshold for perception; Freud and others expanded on these concepts

85
Q

variations in consciousness are influences by

A

biological rhythms

86
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

based on dark/light cycles, 24hr cycles; suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus receives communication from the optic nerve, which in turn communicates with the pineal gland that secretes a hormone called melatonin, maximal at night; Mammoth Cave Study

87
Q

Mammoth Cave Study

A

giant cave in Kentucky; volunteers essentially lived in the cave for two weeks with no contact to the outside world - how long is your day without Circadian clues? about 25hrs

88
Q

Ultradian rhythm

A

~90min cycle; basic rest/activity cycle (BRAC); many examples (e.g. cycle through sleep phases every 90 mmins); a lot of physiological processes based off of this

89
Q

advances in our understanding of sleep have really progressed since the advnet of the ? around 1924; started to be used with sleep studies in the ?

A

EEG (electroencephalograph); 1940s and 1950s

90
Q

so-called “sleep stages” are based upon ? that can be measured on the scalp

A

brain rhythms

91
Q

EEG pattern: Beta

A

13-24 Hz; normal waking thought, alert problem solving

92
Q

EEG pattern: Alpha

A

8-12 Hz; deep relaxation, blank mind, meditiation

93
Q

EEG pattern: Theta

A

4-7 Hz; light sleep

94
Q

EEG pattern: Delta

A

<4 Hz; deep sleep

95
Q

REM sleep

A

patterns look like awake, patient’s eye moving a lot during this time > “rapid eye movement” sleep, most dreaming occurs during this time

96
Q

sleep stages: awake and active

A

beta waves

97
Q

sleep stages: awake and relaxed

A

alpha waves

98
Q

sleep stages: stage 1 sleep (N1)

A

emergence of theta waves

99
Q

sleep stages: stage 2 sleep (N2)

A

sleep spindles, K-complexes, and generally slower activity

100
Q

sleep stages: stage 3 sleep

A

emergence of delta waves (<50%)

101
Q

sleep stages: stage 4 sleep

A

> 50% delta waves

102
Q

many researchers group stage 3 and stage 4 together and call it

A

N3 or slow wave sleep

103
Q

we need ? and ? sleep. Why?

A

N3 and REM; may help consolidate memories/housekeeping

104
Q

REM sleep

A

discoved in Kleitman’s lab at U of Chicago in 1952; stage where most dreaming occurs; muscle paralysis in much of the body keeps people from acting out dreams; may promote creative solutions to problems

105
Q

sleep deprivation can affect

A

performance on tasks, decision making, neuroendocrine and immune response

106
Q

mortality rates are related to amount of sleep averaged per night - optimum is ? hours; ? hours associated with high mortality

A

7; 10+

107
Q

insomnia

A

chronic problems in getting adequate sleep that result in daytime fatigue and impaired functioning

108
Q

Pseudoinsomnia

A

some people sleep more than they think they do - dream that they’re awake lying in bed all night

109
Q

insomnia treatments

A

sleeping pills not the best; relaxation training, sleep hygiene edu, and cognitive behavioral therapy

110
Q

narcolepsy

A

disorder marked by sudden and irresistible onsets of sleep during normal waking periods; rapid transition from awake to REM sleep; stimulant treatment sometimes effective

111
Q

sleep apnea

A

involves frequent, reflexive gasping for air that awakens a person and disrupts sleep; associated with snoring, excessive daytime sleepiness; a variety of treatments, including CPAP

112
Q

REM sleep behavior disorder

A

potentially troublesome dream enactments during REM; lack of effective muscle paralysis; can be very dangerous; if developed later, could be a precursor to Parkinson’s disease; NOT SLEEPWALKING

113
Q

somnambulism

A

sleep walking; seems to occur during slow wave sleep; often is benign, but people can hurt themselves

114
Q

Freud’s theory of dreaming

A

wish fulfillment; the day residue shapes dreams that satisfy unconscious needs

115
Q

Cartwright’s theory of dreaming

A

the problem-solving view; we think through major problems in our lives

116
Q

Hobson and McCarley’s theory of dreaming

A

activation-synthesis model; a story is created to make sense of internal signals (but doesn’t actually have any meaning)

117
Q

hypnosis

A

systematic procedure that typically produces a heightened state of suggestability; developed initially by Anton Mesmer - “animal magnetism”

118
Q

meditation

A

family of practices that train attention to heighten awareness and bring mental processes under greater voluntary control; grew out of Eastern religions like Hinduism, Zen, Buddhism, Taoism; focus on breathing, use a mantra

119
Q

tolerance

A

progressive decrease in responsiveness to a drug based upon continued use

120
Q

physical dependence

A

person must continue to take a drug to avoid withdrawal issues (ex: heroin)

121
Q

psychological dependence

A

person must continue to take a drug to satisfy intense mental and emotional craving (ex: cocaine)

Spring 2017 (7 decks)

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