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Ecology > spatial ecology > Flashcards

spatial ecology Flashcards

1
Q

geladas

A

live in clumps with dominant males

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2
Q

Distribution types

A

Random: uniform resourse distribution and absense of strong repulsion or attraction among individuals

Uniform: exclussive use of areas. individuals avoid each other. territorality

Clumped: most common–> mutual attraction and patchy resourse availability–> mating behavior and group defense

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3
Q

seastar distribution type

A

clumped

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4
Q

penguin distribution type

A

uniform

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5
Q

dandelion distribution type

A

random

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6
Q

index of dispersion

A 
used to determine distribution type
mean count per quadrant / variance
>1 are clumped
=1 are random
<1 are uniform
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7
Q

desert shrubs

A

begin clumped, but members of the population die as they age due to competition. Eventually become random and then uniform

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8
Q

reasons for desert shrub clumping

A
  1. seed germination in a safe place
  2. seed dispersal
  3. asexual reproduction
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9
Q

relationship between bodymass/biomass and species density

A

negative

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10
Q

plant size vs density

A
  • seedlings can live at high densities
  • trees live at lower densities
  • example: sequoia and lemma
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11
Q

Christmas bird count

A

Chapman said we should count them rather than hunt them –> can learn about their distributions

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12
Q

Audobon bubble plots

A

tell liklihood of detecting a species in a particular place

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13
Q

cardinal disperal type

A

uniform

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14
Q

fish crow dispersion type

A

clumped

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15
Q

Sort these from highest to lowest elevation: Red maple, hemlock, table mountain pine

A

table mountain pine, red maple, hemlock

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16
Q

moisture gradient

A

trees showed clumping along moisture gradient

-dry at top, wet at bottom

17
Q

Ehleringer and Clark

A
  • encelia californica = cool moist and cool dry
  • encelia actoni = dry warm
  • encelia farinosa = hot
18
Q

kangaroos

A

climate impacts their distribution

19
Q

climate change

A

organisms retreat northward in response to melting glaciers –> evidence in pollen

20
Q

Tree dispersal rate

A

100-400 meters per year

21
Q

range expansion

A

dispersal involving the movement of small seeds or larvae over large geographical area

22
Q

Tree of heaven (A. altisima)

A
  • example of range expansion
  • grew rapidly and produced many seeds and became invasive because it didn’t have its control species like it did in china
  • moth spread rapidly with it
23
Q

Honey bees from Africa

A
  • hybridized in Brazil
  • aggressive
  • range expansion all the way to north america
24
Q

collared doves

A

invasive species from turkey

-introduced to Jamaca, so it spread throughout US

25
Q

difference between dispersal and migration

A
  • dispersal is usually individaul
  • they don’t return
  • can be small or large scale
26
Q

methods of seed dispersal

A

gravity, wind, water, pressure, animals

27
Q

Lesser Kestrals

A
  • young emigrate (disperse)
  • 30% young females
  • 22% young males
  • 4% adults
28
Q

how do stream dwellers maintain their position?

A
  • streamlined bodies
  • bottom dwellers
  • adhesion to surfaces
29
Q

spate

A

flooding of stream that causes downstream dispersal

30
Q

downstream vs upstream dispersal

A

passive vs wind or animals

31
Q

monarch dispersion

A

-migrate north throughout generations and then return to Mexico

32
Q

metapopulations

A

network of subpopulations living in patches of habitat and exchanging individuals

33
Q

sub populations

A
  • high connectivity and frequent movement of populations

- relatively reproductively isolated

34
Q

Alpine butterfly

A
  • has subpopulations
  • only 5.8-15.2% were recaptured in different meadows
  • the ones in small meadows were more likely to disperse

Ecology (13 decks)

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