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Ecology > Diversity and Abundance > Flashcards

Diversity and Abundance Flashcards

1
Q

Machia Seal Island

A

tons of different types of warblers landed here because they were exhausted from migration and the diversity was insane

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2
Q

Species abundance curve

A
  • most species are moderately abundant

- very few are super rare or super common

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3
Q

Relative abundance

A
  • proportion each species represents of all individuals in the community
  • consistent between habitats and taxonomic groups
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4
Q

Species diversity (definition and parts)

A
  • variety of organisms that make up a community

- determined by species richness and relative abundance

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5
Q

species richness

A

of different species in a community

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6
Q

What happens to diversity if your sample size is too small? What happens to diversity when you increase the sample size area?

A
  • you underrepresent rare species and overrepresent common ones
  • you find more species so diversity goes up
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7
Q

Shannon-Weaver Index

A

H = sum of pilnpi

where pi is the relative abundance

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8
Q

Abundance

A

how many individuals of a certain species

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9
Q

density

A

number of individuals per unit area

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10
Q

Relationship between nutrients and plant/algae diversity

A
  • negative relationship
  • reduces number of limiting nutrients
  • causes competitive exclusion
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11
Q

Soons et al. experiments

A
  • adding nitrogen reduced plant richness by 16%

- adding phosphorus did nothing

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12
Q

Two major biogeographical factors that affect species diversity

A
  • lattitude (tropics are more diverse than poles)

- area (bigger area means more diversity)

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13
Q

Tree species per hactre

A
  • Michigan = 10-15
  • S.E. U.S. = 30
  • Tropical Peru = 300
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14
Q

hot spots

A
  • very diverse due to high number of endemic species
  • Tropical areas near equator
  • islands
  • Mediterranean ecosystems
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15
Q

Why does latitude affect diversity (weather)

A
  • dif latitudes have dif levels of sunlight and precipitation
  • higher levels of evapotranspiration = more diversity
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16
Q

evapotranspiration

A
  • evaporation of water from soil plus the transpiration of water from plants
  • potential evaoptranspiration = potential water loss, assuming the presence of water
17
Q

Why does latitude affect diversity (time)

A
  • Tropical areas have had more time for speciation to occur (also more extinction)
  • polar regions have had to restart due to glaciation
18
Q

What kind of environments are good for diversity and how do phytoplankton/algae/diatoms reject this?

A
  • complex environments = high diversity
  • algae can live in simple communities if they have different trophic niches and have different ratios of nutritional needs
19
Q

open ocean hot spots

A
  • usually close to land

- only kinda follow the equator rule

20
Q

What forms of life contribute the most to diversity?

A

-arthropods (especially insects)
-flowering plants
(prokaryote diversity is mostly unknown)

21
Q

Biogeography

A

the study of the geographical distribution of species

  • provides evidence for evolution
  • an understanding of continental movement and modern species helps us know when and where these species evolved
22
Q

Species Area Effect

A
  • all other factors being equal, bigger area = more species
  • S = cA^z
  • S = # of species
  • c = constant
  • A = area
  • z = how many species should be found as area increases

-in log-log plot of S vs A, z is the slope of the line through the data

23
Q

Island equilibrium model

A
  • richness = balance of immigration and extinction
  • more S = less I + more E
  • less A = less I + more E
  • close to land = more I + less E
24
Q

Wilson and Simberlof experiment

A
  • Tested diversity of mangrove tree islands in Florida keys
  • counted species
  • fumigated island
  • tracked increase of species over time
  • equilibrium number returns to normal
25
Q

Clements climax community

A

-thought that most communities were in a state of equilibrium and were governed by cliamate

26
Q

Nonequilibrium model

A
  • describes commuities as constantly changing after disturbance
  • ex: Yellowstone forest (fire)
27
Q

Intermediate disturbance hypothesis

A
  • low and high levels of disturbance reduce diversity
  • medium disturbance increases diversity
  • high disturbance excludes slow-growing species
  • low disturbance allows dominant species to exclude less competitive ones
28
Q

Examples of intermediate disturbance hypothesis

A
  • Townsend stream experiment
  • diversity on boulders in intertidal zone
  • prairie dogs open areas for colonization
29
Q

Primary production and species richness

A
  • PP increases with more species
  • grazers increase PP (serangetti)
  • increased growth rate due to low biomass (from being eater=n), don’t need to self-shade, and smaller leaf size
30
Q

Disturbance

A

-event that changes community, removes organisms, and alters resource availability

Ecology (13 decks)

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