Biomes and the Biosphere Flashcards

1
Q

Atmospheric envelope

A
  • clean, dry air at Earth’s surface
  • 70% N
  • 21% O
  • 1% Ar
  • 0.003% CO2
  • 0.00005% ozone
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2
Q

Greenhouse effect

A
  • heat trapped in earth’s atmosphere by greenhouse gasses
  • water, CO2, methane, ozone, nitrous oxide, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
  • absorb infrared and reemit it back to earth
  • 30% reflected by clouds + particles
  • 70% absorbed by atmosphere or surface
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3
Q

ozone

A
  • filters harmful UV radiation
  • absorbs UV, but breaks its bonds in the process
  • CFCs break the bonds too and reduce ozone layer
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4
Q

Tilt of Earth’s axis

A
  • uneven heating
  • seasons
  • drives air circulation and precipitation patterns
  • tropics get most direct sunlight (area per unit light) –> 23.5 N to 23.5 S
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5
Q

Air Circulation

A
  • warm, moist air rises, cools, condenses, and rains
  • cool, dry air falls back to surface
  • Polar cells –> towards the earth and towards the pole
  • Ferrel cells –> opposite from closest polar
  • Hadley cells–> opposite from closest Ferrel
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6
Q

Coriolis effect

A
  • apparent deflection of the winds
  • move clockwise in northern hemisphere
  • move counterclockwise in southern hemisphere
  • wind is fastest at equator
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7
Q

Ocean circulation

A
  • follows prevailing winds
  • currents carry cool water to equator from poles and warm water from the equator to the poles
  • air is cooled or warmed by these currents before passing over land
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8
Q

Gulf stream

A
  • made from central american land bridge

- affects climates as far away as the British isles

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9
Q

3 main factors that contribute to storms

A
  • water temperature (temperature)
  • wind shear (wind)
  • atmospheric moisture (rain)
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10
Q

Mointain’s + water effect on climate

A
  • in U.S. wind blows from west
  • wind causes air to rise, cool, and condense on west side of mountain
  • cool, dry air descends on east side of mountain (rain shadow)
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11
Q

Mountain shadow deserts

A
  • east side of mountains in temperate zones

- west side of mountains in tropical zones

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12
Q

El Nino

A

off coast of Peru

  • usually wind goes westward and warms over western pacific while picking up moisture
  • during El nino, the eastern pacific is unusually warm –> causes storms in the east and droughts in the west
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13
Q

El nino affect on Great Salt Lake

A
  • more storms raise levels 3.7 m
  • salinity drops by 50 g/L
  • lake invaded by predatory insect
  • brine shrimp went from 12000 - 74 per m^3
  • a bunch of phytoplankton
  • eventually went back to normal
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14
Q

Bodies of water

A
  • large bodies of water govern climate of nearby land
  • Day: warm air rises over land, cool breeze from water
  • Night: warm air rises from water and moves out from land
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15
Q

Photic zone

A
  • epipelagic region of ocean that’s reached by light
  • inhabited by phytoplankton and zooplankton
  • produce 1/4 of oxygen for biosphere
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16
Q

Thermocline

A

separates warm water from cold water

-winter and summer (?)

17
Q

Turnover

A

mixing of oxygenated surface water with deeper, nutrient-rich water

  • semi annual
  • fall and spring
18
Q

Types of coral reefs

A
  • fringing reefs = hug the shore of continents
  • barrier reefs = stand between ocean and lagoon
  • coral atolls = coral inlets built up from submerged ocean islands
19
Q

Shallow marine water

A
  • reefs and kelp beds when there’s sunlight –> limited by temp –> very productive and diverse
  • cleaned and feuled by currents
20
Q

estuaries

A
  • productive, nutrient rich transition bt ocean and river
  • water levels very spatially and temporally due to tides
  • nutrients driven by ocean tides and river flow
21
Q

Saltmarshes and mangroves

A
  • concentrated along low lying coasts
  • saltmarsh grasses and algae are major producers and attract a bunch of animals
  • carbon sequestration
22
Q

climography plots

A
  • leslie holdrige
  • temp on y axis
  • rain on x axis
23
Q

climate diagram

A
  • temp on right
  • rain on left
  • months on x axis
24
Q

How do we catagorize terrestrial biomes?

A
  • plants
  • climate (temp and rain)

also distribution and animals

25
Q

serotiny

A

Jack pine is seratinous bc its cones only open to expose seeds when its super hot bc of a forest fire

26
Q

Convergent evolution in dif biomes

A
  • similar characteristics due to similar environments
  • cacti in north america and euphorbs in african desert
  • dif evolutionary lineages
27
Q

Tropical wet forests

A
  • vertically layered
  • competition for light –> broad leaves + lateral growth
  • highest diversity of terrestrial biomes
  • high productivity
  • low soil nutrients
  • water is NOT limiting –> plants shed water
  • stratification/specialization
  • understory + canopy leaves are evergreen
  • thin, smooth bark
  • buttress roots
28
Q

Tropical dry forests

A
  • deciduous leaves
  • thick corky bark with thorns and spikes
  • small leaves
  • flower during dry season
29
Q

Tropical Savana

A
  • tropical grassland
  • 10-20 N and S
  • dry season is 8-9 months
  • temp varies seasonally (usually 24-29)
  • grasses, sedges, and herbs with occasional tree
  • vegitation is resistant to drought
  • trees are deciduous and less than 20 m tall
30
Q

Deserts

A
  • 30 N and S
  • less than 30 cm rain per year
  • temp varies seasonally
  • plants resistant to heat + desication –> small leaves and good water storage
  • animals can conserve water and some are nocturnal
31
Q

Mediterranean Woodland, Shrubland and

Chapparal

A
  • “chapparal” in US
  • fires 600-700 degrees
  • soil is hydrophobic –> has waxy resin from burnt plants that forms impermeable underground layer
  • torrential rains
  • firestorms help some with serotinous cones
32
Q

Temperate Grassland

A
  • rain and temp is highly seasonal
  • most rainfall in spring
  • summers are hot and dry
  • plants are adapted to drought and fire
  • Disturbance is important for community continuity
33
Q

Temperate Deciduous Forests

A
  • rains year round
  • winters = 0 temp, summers = 35
  • animals hibernate or migrate to avoid winter
  • dominant plants deciduous in Northern hemisphere; evergreen in Australia
34
Q

Boreal Forest or Taiga

A
  • biggest biome
  • North East North America and Eurasia
  • rain varies — some have droughts, but coasts are wet
  • cold winters, hot summers
  • slow decomposition –> reduces nutrient cycling
  • store tons of carbon –> boreal forests have 20% more than tropical and temperate forests combined
  • Taiga has 30% of all terrestrial carbon
35
Q

Tundra

A
  • arctic tundra and alpine tundra
  • winters below 30, summers around 10
  • permafrost (frozen layer of soil) prevents plant root growth
  • rains 20-60 cm in arctic and 100 cm in alpine
  • home to mosses, lichen grasses, forbs, dwarf trees/shrubs, musk ox, carribeau, reindeer, bears, wolves, foxes, and birds