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Aeromed BM > Spatial Disorientation > Flashcards

Spatial Disorientation Flashcards

1
Q

What is Spatial Disorientation?

A

A pilot’s erroneous perception of position, altitude, or motion in relation to the gravitational, vertical, and horizontal aspects of the Earth’s surface.

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2
Q

What is Orientation Illusion?

A

A false perception of position or motion caused by discordant or erroneous orientation information.

This is a major cause of Spatial Disorientation.

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3
Q

What is a Degraded Visual Environment (DVE)?

A

A state of reduced visibility whereby spatial situational awareness and aircraft control cannot be maintained.

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4
Q

What are the risk factors for Spatial Disorientation?

A
  • Degraded Visual Environment (DVE)
  • Night Ops
  • HUDs
  • Weather
  • Unfamiliar LZs
  • Task Saturation
  • Cockpit Distractions
  • Complex Missions
  • Stress and Fatigue
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5
Q

What are the 3 types of Disorientation?

A
  • Type I Unrecognized
  • Type II Recognized
  • Type III Incapacitating
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6
Q

What is Type I Unrecognized Spatial Disorientation?

A

When the pilot does not consciously perceive and indication of Spatial Disorientation.

Receives false inputs from sensory organs or cues and crashes with a smile on his/her face.

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7
Q

What is Type II Recognized Spatial Disorientation?

A

When the pilot consciously perceives a problem, but may not know it is due to spatial disorientation.

This can be corrected by the pilot and the co-pilot.

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8
Q

What is Type III Incapacitating Spatial Disorientation?

A

When the pilot experiences overwhelming sensations, a conflict of sensory inputs, and is unable to orient himself/herself properly by use of instruments or visual cues.

This can be corrected by the co-pilot.

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9
Q

What 3 systems integrate to form a complete mental picture?

A
  • Vision
  • Vestibular
  • Proprioceptive

*spatial disorientation effects these the most!

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10
Q

What is the most reliable sense used during flight?

A

Vision, it accounts for about 80% of your equilibrium.

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11
Q

For orientation of vision, what 3 things do you require?

A
  • Perception: e.g. detect a flying object.
  • Recognition: e.g. object is another helicopter
  • Identificaition: e.g. Mi-24 Hind
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12
Q

The Visual System consists of what 2 modes?

A
  • Focal Vision

- Ambient Vision

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13
Q

What is Focal Vision?

A

Focal Vision consists of object recognition and identification. It is done consciously and presents us with a clear view, allows us to view colors, and determines distance and depth perception.

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14
Q

What is Ambient Vision?

A

Ambient Vision detects attitude, motion, and cues. It orients us to the environment. It is also called the Peripheral Vision, is done subconsciously, helps provide balance, but has poor visual acuity properties.

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15
Q

What angle of vision do Focal and Ambient Vision have?

A 
Focal = 30 degrees
Ambient = 130/120 degrees vertical and 160/200 degrees horizontal
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16
Q

Do Focal and Ambient Vision operate independently?

A

Yes, and there is frequent transition between the two modes.

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17
Q

What is Induced Motion?

A

Falsely perceived motion of oneself when no physical motion is actually occurring.

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18
Q

What is Vection?

A

Visually induced perception of self-motion.

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19
Q

What are some of the causes of Induced Motion?

A
  • Formation Flights
  • Hovering
  • Water
  • Waving Grass
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20
Q

What is Confusion with Ground Lights?

A

Usually occurs along seashores or rural areas, it’s when a pilot perceives ground lights as celestial lights or celestial lights as ground lights.

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21
Q

What is Crater Illusion?

A

An illusion that the aircraft is landing into a hole or crater, created when the search light is positioned too far under the nose of the aircraft.

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22
Q

What is Height/Depth Perception Illusion?

A

When crewmembers misjudge depth perception due to absent or insufficient visual cues.

Losing sight of ground is a frequent cause, can also be caused by tall grass and water.

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23
Q

What is Autokinesis?

A

This occurs when a static light appears to move when it is stared at for several seconds.

24
Q

What are False Vertical/Horizontal Cues (False Horizon)?

A

This occurs when the pilot subconsciously chooses the wrong reference point for orientation.

25
Q

What is Fascination/Fixation?

A

This occurs when a pilot is focused on something inside or outside the cockpit that causes them to ignore orientation cues. Commonly referred to as Target Hypnosis.

26
Q

What is a Structural Illusion?

A

The phenomenon in which objects become distorted when visual obscurants are present such as rain, snow, sleet, or the curvature of a wind screen.

27
Q

What is Distance Illusion?

A

The false perception of distance from an object when a pilot misinterprets unfamiliar objects’ size compared to what he/she is accustomed to seeing.

Consists of Size Constancy, Shape Constancy, and Aerial Perspective.

28
Q

Size Consistency

A

An example would be a runway that is narrower than expected may cause the pilot to think he/she is higher and further away resulting in an approach that is too low causing you to land short. A runway that is larger than expected may cause the pilot to erroneously think he/she is closer resulting in flying the approach too high and land long.

29
Q

Shape Consistency

A

Commonly encountered with sloping runways, an up-sloping runway may give the pilot an illusion of being too high and a down-sloping runway may cause the pilot too approach too low.

30
Q

Aerial Perspective

A

An object’s clarity and its shadow are perceived by the brain as cues for estimating distance.

31
Q

What are the functions of the Vestibular System?

A
  • Visual Tracking
  • Reflex Information
  • Orientation without vision
32
Q

What are the functions of the Semicircular Canals?

A
  • Responsive to angular acceleration and deceleration
  • Detects change in both speed and direction
  • Detects yaw, pitch, and roll
33
Q

What are the functions of the Otolith Organs?

A

The Otolith Organs are stimulated by gravity (saccule) and linear accelerations (utricle)

  • Detects change in speed without a change in direction
  • Sensitive to linear acceleration and deceleration (forward, aft, up, and down)
34
Q

What is Visual Tracking?

A

Allows an image to stay in focus while turning head.

35
Q

What is Nystagmus?

A

Results from the eyes inability to remain focused on an image and causes you to be unable to focus inside or outside the cockpit. This is most dangerous with nap of the earth flight.

36
Q

What is Reflex Information?

A

Allows the body to react without conscious thought. This is dangerous when impulse inputs are made to controls.

37
Q

What is Orientation without Vision?

A

When the brain is provided orientation information without vision. i.e. walking in darkness.

38
Q

*What are the 2 types of Vestibular Illusions?

A
  • Somatogyral

- Somatogravic

39
Q

Somatogryal Illusion

A

The semicircular canals are stimulated by angular acceleration. This involves a change in both speed and direction.

40
Q

Somatogravic Illusion

A

The Otolith Organs are stimulated by linear acceleration. This involves a change in speed without a change in direction.

41
Q

What are 3 types of Somatogryal Illusions?

A
  • The Leans
  • Graveyard Spin
  • Coriolis
42
Q

The Leans

A

The most common form of Spatial Disorientation. Motion is usually undetected during a sub-threshold maneuver (less than 2 degrees). The pilot corrects attitude and compensates for the false sensation of turning in the opposite direction. This illusion seldom affects both pilots at the same time.

43
Q

Graveyard Spiral

A

When a pilot conducts a spiral and the semicircular canals stop perceiving a change in angular acceleration. When the pilot exits the spiral he undergoes angular deceleration which may cause him to initiate a spiral in the opposite direction.

44
Q

Coriolis Illusion

A

The most deadly illusion, it may occur during prolonged turns of high angular velocity. It is most often unrecoverable. Occurs when a pilot enters a turn stimulating one semicircular canal, the pilot makes a head movement in a different geometrical plane stimulating a second and/or third semicircular canal. This results in an overwhelming sensation of yaw, pitch, or roll.

45
Q

Somatogravic Illusions (These are Linear/Gravity dependent)

A
  • G-Excess
  • Elevator
  • Acceleration
  • Deceleration
46
Q

G-Excess Illusion

A

Occurs in sustained excess of >1G. There is a head movement in a steep turn, there is a perceived underbank and the pilot overbanks the aircraft.

47
Q

Elevator Illusion (Vertical Takeoff)

A

Occurs during sudden upward acceleration, the eyes gaze downward, the instrument panels seem to rise, the pilot perceives a nose up attitude and has a tendency to nose-over the aircraft.

48
Q

Elevator Illusion (Autorotation)

A

Occurs during a rapid downward motion of aircraft, the eyes shift upward, there is a sensation of a nose-low attitude (diving), and the pilot erroneously corrects by pulling aft cyclic.

49
Q

Somatosensory/proprioceptive system

A

Nerve endings provide orientation cues to the brain, these nerve endings respond to pressure created by gravity or inertial forces.

50
Q

Seat of Pants Flying

A

Very unreliable means of orientation, dependent upon gravity, it is flying without reference to instruments.

51
Q

*What are the 3 dynamics of Spatial Disorientation?

A
  • Visual Dominance
  • Vestibular Suppression
  • Vestibular Opportunism
52
Q

What is Visual Dominance?

A

A learned phenomenon where one uses visual cues to overcome other sensory cues. It is acquired through training.

53
Q

What is Vestibular Suppression?

A

An active process of visually overriding undesirable vestibular sensations. In flight, pilot develops suppression via repeated exposure to linear or angular acceleration.

54
Q

What is Vestibular Opportunism?

A

The ability of the vestibular system to fill any orientation void swiftly. Not a function of the vestibular system.

55
Q

What are the measures to prevent Spatial Disorientation?

A
  • Understand Risk Factors/ Plan
  • Aircrew Coordination
  • Assess Weather/ Location
  • Instrument Proficiency
  • Cross Check/ Transfer Controls
  • TRUST YOUR INSTRUMENTS
  • Cockpit management
  • Education/training
  • Instrument proficiency
  • Aircraft knowledge
  • Never fly w/o visual reference points!
  • Maintain situational awareness
  • Never fly IFR and VFR at same time
56
Q

Disorientation illusion treatment

A

Transfer controls

Trust instruments

Aeromed BM (13 decks)

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