Spatial Development, Markus Gmünder Flashcards
Definition Globalisation
- Globalisation manifests itselfs in a worldwide increasing mobility of people, commodities, services and information
- commodities can be transported over longer distances at lower costs
- typical statistical indicators:
1. growth in world trade
2. + foreign direct investments
3. + capital flow
4. + technology
5. + transfer
Globalisation: Opportunity and threats
+ increasing mobility
+ more international division of labour
+ international goods markets instead of domestic markets
+ rapid technological developtment
- realignment of the global distribution power (China, India, the Arab World)
- migration
- environmental pollution
- income inequallity between 1-4 world
- pandemics
1st world: Switzerland, etc.
2nd world: BRICS
3rd world: Emerging markets
4th world: least developped country (mostly affected by civil wars) -> Somalia, Afganistan
Globalisation of the economy
Globalisation: What about transportation costs?
There has been a strong decline between 1950 - 1970, after that almost no costs
Why do we have economic globalisation?
- Division of labour and specialisation increase the efficiency of resource allocation
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What are absolute comparative advantages?
Which are the most globalised countries?
- Netherlands
- Sweden
-> small open economies are usualy more globalised
What are hard and soft factors of locations?
Hard
- transport
- Taxes
- proximity suppliers
Soft
- economy-friendliness
- gastro
- criminality
- social climate
What belongs into the CS Standortqualitätsindex?
Can political arenas controll all factors of locations?
No, because these are often the result of market process
What is important for globalisation?
- availability of skilled personell (for knowledge-based economy in CH)
- regional and international accessibility and taxes (can be controlled politically)
Demarcation (Abgrenzung) of different regions
- Homogeneous regions: regions of similar characteristics, problems and interests
- functional regions: social and economic interdepencies are decisive for the demarcation (Entscheidend für Abgrenzung)
- institutional regions: normatively defined ares for the political activities of the state
- regions of perception (Wahrnehmung): unclearly defined image to the outside
Why are regional disparities (Ungleichheit) important?
important for:
- understanding of functional relationships
- to show spatial change
- for political management
Which two aspects does the conception of disparities have?
- inequalities that lead to injustice
- inequalities as regional characteristics
Disparities: what does regional development policy still want to do?
- reduce undesirable disparities
- preserve desirable regional differences in the sense of location factors
What clusters do exist?
- geographic clusters (Size, infrastructure, market potential)
- Sectoral clusters (Forward an backward effects between firms and sectors)
- Functional clusters (Spatial concentration of high-value conomic activities)
- Innovation clusters (Interlinkages of research and education -> knowledge economy)
What are classic areas of disparities?
- Demography (Development of population, density, age structure
- Income (GDP)
- Employment (Labour force structure)
Convergence vs. Divergence
Porter’s Diamond Model
Questions Thünen Model
Levi Tax
What are Economies of Localizations and Urbanization?
Economies of localization
Cost Advantages arising from the localization together of a number of firms in the same type of industry
Economies of urbanization
cost avantages gained from an urban location with closeness to overall economic activity including proximity to a market, labour supply, good communications, and financial and commercial services
Clusters are vital for Competitiveness of Municipalities, Cities and Regions. What Clusters do exist?
1. Geographig clusters (Size, infrastructure, market potential)
2. Sectoral clusters (Forward and backward effects between firms and sectors)
3. Functional clusters (Spatial concentration of high-value economic activities)
4. Innovation clusters (Interlinkages of research and education -> Knowledge economy)
