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Cognitive Neuroscience > Spatial Brain > Flashcards

Spatial Brain Flashcards

1
Q

Define Attention

A

The process by which certain information is selected for further processing and other information is discarded.

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2
Q

Why is attention important?

A
  • Attention is needed in order to avoid sensory overload as there is a limited capacity to process all received information.
  • Attention may be needed to bind together different aspects of conscious perception (e.g. shape and colour, sound and vision)
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3
Q

What is the Spotlight Metaphor of Attention?

A
  • Attention tends to be directed to locations in space
    (space is a common dimension of different sensory systems and our motor system).
  • Spotlight may move from one location to another (e.g. in visual search) or it may zoom in or out.
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4
Q

What controls the spotlight?

A
  • Exogenous control – externally guided by a stimulus
  • Endogenous control - guided by the goals of the perceiver.
  • Inhibition of Return (IOR) – slowing of speed of processing when going back to previously attended location
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5
Q

What did Posner, (1980) study?

A

measured reaction time to identify target after cued light is presented.

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6
Q

What did Posner, (1980) find?

A
  • When there was no cue at first they were slow but then improved at the task.
  • if the cue was introduced and it was close in time (150ms) to the target then Ps were significantly faster at detecting target.
  • if the cue was longer than 150ms away from target then Ps became slower at detecting target
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7
Q

Endogenous control

A
  • guided by the goals of the perceiver.

- Related to properties of the task

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8
Q

Define Inattentional blindness

A

A failure to be aware of a visual stimulus because attention is directed away from it

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9
Q

Define Change Blindness

A

A failure to notice the appearance/disappearance of objects between two alternating images.

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10
Q

Define Orienting

A

The movement of attention from one location to another

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11
Q

What was the explanation for Posner’s (1980) results?

A
  • if target is presented 150ms after cue because Ps had deployed attention.
  • if target is presented 150+ms after cue Ps are already searching the space so it takes longer. There is a cost of returning to previously searched space (inhibition of return)
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12
Q

Define Visual Search

A
  • A task of detecting the presence or absence of a specified target object in an array of other destructive objects.
    • Scanning the environment to find something you are looking for.
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13
Q

What did the visual search study by Mitroff & Biggs (2013) find?

A
  • When items are rare people are very bad at finding them because most of the time there is nothing to be found
  • When appearance frequency of rare items increases then people become better at finding them.
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14
Q

What is the flat/efficient/parallel search?

A

The target immediately pops out from the distractor items because it has one distinct feature. (single feature search)
the reaction time doesn’t change regardless of the display size.

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15
Q

What is the Steep/inefficient/serial search?

A

It takes longer to find the target because the target is defined by multiple factors. (conjunction search)

The reaction time depends on the size of the display and the number of distractors.

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16
Q

What is the Feature Integration Theory (FIT)?

A
  • Perceptual features (e.g. colour, line orientations) are encoded in parallel and prior to attention
  • If an object has a unique perceptual feature then it may be detected without the need for attention – “pop-out” (left array)
  • If an object shares features with other objects (right array) then it cannot be detected from a single perceptual feature and attention is needed to search all candidates serially
  • “Pop-out” is not affected by number of items to be searched
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17
Q

What are the 2 attention related networks?

A
  1. a dorso-dorsal network (blue) involving lateral intraparietal area LIP and Frontal eye fields (FEF).
    § Attention employed internally
    § FEF control voluntary eye movements (looking for things actively)
  2. ventro-dorsal stream (right tempo-parietal junction and ventral frontal cortex) that interrupts any cognitive task in order to divert attention away from processing
    § Attention employed externally
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18
Q

What are the differences in the 2 parietal lobes in human?

A
  • hemispheric asymmetry of parietal lobes
  • Right parietal lobe contains richer representation of space (left space and some right space)
    ○ Left side of the body is more richly presented in the brain
  • Left parietal lobe contains an impoverished representation of space (predominantly of right side only)
  • The greater spatial specialisation of right parietal lobe means that we all have a tendency to attend to left side of space (pseudo-neglect).
19
Q

How did Nichols, (1999) show a Leftwards Spatial Bias?

A
  • Study tested for psuedo-neglect.
  • Asked Ps which bar is darker
  • Ps chose bottom bar because of attention is drawn by the darker side on the left side of the space.
20
Q

Define Neglect.

A

Patients fail to attend to stimuli on the opposite side of space to their lesion (a right sided lesion would affect the left side of the space).

Neglect is a disorder which can reduce a person’s ability to look, listen or make movements towards one half of their environment.

21
Q

What is the common lesion found in neglect?

A
  • right angular gyrus - rAG

- rAG needs to be damaged for people to experience neglect - !disputed finding!

22
Q

What are the clinical tests for neglect?

A
  1. line bisection - have to draw centre on multiple lines
  2. cancellation tasks - need to cancel out all lines/stars.
  3. Drawing - need to copy drawing
23
Q

What is Perceptual neglect?

A

cannot perceive half of the space

24
Q

What is Representational neglect?

A

Neglect can affect memories of scenes

25
Q

What did the Pizza del Duomo Study show?

A
  • Double dissociation between perceptual (line bisection) and representational neglect suggests different spatial reference frames for external versus imagined (mind’s eye) space.
  • Also – spatial knowledge not lost, but unavailable to report.
  • the hippocampus may store the map of the square, and the parietal lobes may superimpose a viewpoint onto this map
26
Q

What are the 5 double dissociations of neglect?

A
  1. Perceptual vs. representational neglect
  2. Neglect for near vs. far space
  3. Personal vs. peripersonal space
  4. Within objects vs. between objects
  5. Spatial vs. object based neglect
27
Q

Define Object-Based Neglect and its cause?

A

Can attend to objects on the left side of space but omit to attend to one half of the object itself (object-based neglect)

Damage to superior temporal gyrus

28
Q

Define Space-Based Neglect and its cause?

A

Will only attend items on one side of the space.

Damage to the angular gyrus.

29
Q

What is Axil-based Neglect?

A

patient with object neglect cannot detect differences on left side of an object even when falling into right side of space.

30
Q

What does the Phenomenon of visual extinction suggest?

A
  • Different perceptual representations are competing for attention (and visual awareness)
  • Neglect as a Disorder of Attention and Not Low-Level Perception
  • Ps can see items when then they are cued to that item
31
Q

What happens to Neglected infomation?

A
  • Neglected information implicitly coded

- Burning house study - knew which house was warmer but didn’t know that one was on fire.

32
Q

What are the 3 types of Neglect?

A
  1. Egocentric
    ○ (with respect to the observer e.g. line bisection; cancellation)
  2. Allocentric
    ○ (with respect to another extrapersonal event; e.g. Piazza del Duomo )
  3. Object-centered
    ○ (with respect to a principal axis in the canonical representation of an object; e.g. half of the object or half of the picture)
33
Q

How can people with neglect be rehabilitated?

A
  • Ps wear prism lenses to shift their view to the right.
  • They adapt to wearing prism glasses
  • When take off glasses the overshoot then they point to the left of the dot.
34
Q

What did the London Taxi Driver study show?

A
  • Right hippocampal formation when remembering navigational task
    ○ More grey matter volume
35
Q

What is role of the parietal lobes?

A

Parietal lobes primarily concerned with linking sensory and egocentric maps of space to create representations of observable environment.

36
Q

What is the role of the hippocampus?

A

Hippocampus stores long-term representations of space that need not be presently observed or even viewpoint specific.

37
Q

What did Green & Bavelier, (2003) video game study find?

A
  • Studied the effects of video games on perceptual and motor skills
  • Perceptual learning tends to be specific with a trained task
  • Action video game playing is capable of altering a range of visual skills. They were better at contrast sensitivity, visual search, and mental rotation tasks.
38
Q

What is the Test of Variables of Attention (TOVA)?

A

TOVA assesses impulsivity and sustained attention. In this test, participants are required to press a key as fast as possible in response to a target (black square in upper position) and to withhold responding to non-target stimuli (black square presented in lower position).

39
Q

How did Dye et al. (2009) use TOVA to assess impulsivity and sustained attention in video game players?

A

Their results show that VGPs were overall faster than NVGPs in both the sustained attention and the impulsivity condition.
This increased speed did not come at the expense of accuracy as both groups did not differ on this measure, indicating overall enhanced attentional control in VGPs.

40
Q

Define Cognitive Control.

A

A set of neural processes that allow us to interact with our complex environment in a goal-direct manner

41
Q

What is the Multitasking cost?

A

Multitasking cost = % change of performance accuracy from doing one task to doing 2 tasks together

42
Q

What did the NeuroRacer Game show?

A

They found that performance improved in Working memory tasks, TOVA and Multi-Tasking tasks, when Ps had practiced both tasks simultaneously (driving and sign identification).

After NeuroRacer training EEG patterns of older participants resembled that of 20 yr olds.

43
Q

What has tDCS shown about multi-tasking?

A
  • Anodal tDCS or sham tDCS was applied over left DLPFC in healthy young adults immediately before they engaged in a 3-D video game designed to assess multitasking performance.
  • The anodal group showed enhanced multitasking performance and decreased multitasking cost during the second session, suggesting delayed cognitive benefits of tDCS.
  • Performance benefits were observed only for multitasking and not on a single-task version of the game

Cognitive Neuroscience (10 decks)

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