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Cognitive Neuroscience > Methods In CogNeuro > Flashcards

Methods In CogNeuro Flashcards

1
Q

Explain the process of single cell recording

A
  • A very small electrode is implanted into axon (intracellular) or outside axon membrane (extracellular)
    • It records neural activity from population of neurons by measuring elecrical potential of nearby neurons near the electrode.
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2
Q

What has single unit recording told us about neurone receptive fields?

A

Showed us that neurones have receptive fields that detect a specific area of space.

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3
Q

What neuroimaging techniques can be used in humans?

A 
EEG
MEG
MRI & fMRI
CT
PET
DTI
fNIRS
iEEG (or ECoG)
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4
Q

Describe Dehaene et al., 2004 study.

A
  • fMRI study looking at the visual word form area (visual temporal junction)
  • used a lexical decision task with subliminal priming.
  • found less activation of the area when priming was used.
  • the word has already been encountered so less effort was needed.
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5
Q

what does an EEG measure?

A

measures electrical activity of a brain region using 2 electrodes on the scalp.
the more electrodes used the more precise it is.

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6
Q

what do EEG signals represent?

A

the change in the potential difference between the 2 electrodes.
EEG recordings are averages over trials to create a event-related potential (ERP).

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7
Q

What are ERPs?

A

Event-related potential.
= voltage fluctuations that are associated in time with particular cognitive events.

  • electrical signature of all different cognitive components that contribute to processing of that stimulus.
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8
Q

what did Rousselet et al 2004 find?

A

they used ERP to study face recognition.

found that different ERP peaks are associated with different aspects of face processing.

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9
Q

what did Rousselet et al 2004 find that the different ERP peaks meant?

A

N170 is relatively specialized for faces, recorded from right PSTS (posterior superior temporal sulcus)
- Knows 170 ms after face is presented that it is in fact a face
P300 – famous and familiar faces
P400-600 - person recognition (affected by both names and faces)

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10
Q

What happens to Alzheimer’s patients’ ERPs?

A

P300 is reduced.

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11
Q

What does a MEG measure?

A

magnetic fields produced by electrical activity in the brain via extremely sensitive devices known as SQUIDs.

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12
Q

what are the +ives and -ives of MEG?

A

+ Have excellent temporal and spatial resolution. The signal is not degraded by the skull or meninges

  • very expenny = rarely used = mo paradigms being developed.
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13
Q

What do single-cell studies tell us?

A

Tell us how neurons code information, by measuring their response to external stimuli

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14
Q

What can EEGs tell us about cognition?

A

Systematically varying aspects of a stimulus (e.g. any face vs. famous face) may lead to variations in aspects of ERP waveform.
This can tell us about the timing and independence of cognitive processes

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15
Q

How does MRI work?

A

Uses differential magnetic properties of types of tissue and of blood to produce images of the brain.

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16
Q

What is Structural imaging?

A

different types of tissue (skull, grey matter, white matter, CSF fluid) have different physical properties – used to create STATIC maps (CT and structural MRI)

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17
Q

what is functional imaging?

A

temporary changes in brain physiology associated with cognitive processing (PET & fMRI).

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18
Q

What does PET measure?

A
  • local blood flow (rCBF)
  • radioactive tracer injected that decays = then detected
  • high radioactivity = high brain areas (high blood volume)
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19
Q

what does fMRI measure?

A
  • conc of deoxyhemoglobin in the blood.
  • BOLD response (Blood Oxygen Level Dependent contrast) change over time = hemodynamic response function
  • measures activity in voxels.
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20
Q

limitations of fMRI?

A

The Hemodynamic Response Function that is measured peaks in 6–8 seconds.
This limits the temporal resolution of fMRI.

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21
Q

What is a mirror neuron?

A

they fire when you do an action and fire when you see someone else do the same action.

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22
Q

what did Iacoboni et al., 2005 find?

A
  • looked if specific neurones respond to intention.

Found that:

  • Actions embedded in contexts and intentions = ↑ signal increase in the posterior inferior frontal gyrus and ventral premotor cortex.
  • Premotor mirror neuron areas are involved in understanding intentions of others.
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23
Q

how can we infer functional specialisation?

A
  • needs to compare RELATIVE differences in brain activity between two or more conditions
  • this involves selecting a baseline condition.
24
Q

What did Peterson et al., 1988 study?

A

used fMRI to study what brain regions are involved in recognising written words, saying words, retrieving the meaning of words.

25
Q

What is cognitive subtraction?

A

activity in a control task is subtracted from the activity in an experimental task.

26
Q

problem with cognitive subtraction?

A

The difficulty of the baseline task can affect the result.

27
Q

What is DTI?

A

Diffusion Tensor Imaging.
- A technique that uses MRI to measure white matter connectivity between brain regions
- Measures white matter organization based on limited diffusion of water molecules in axons
- We can visualize connections in the brain
BRAINBOW

28
Q

what is fNIRS?

A

Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

29
Q

what does fNIRS measure?

A
  • Measures the same BOLD response as fMRI but in a completely different way
    ○ Differences in oxy and deoxyhaemoglobin
  • ‘Light’ in infrared range passes through skull and scalp but is scattered differently by oxy- v. deoxyhemoglobin.
30
Q

what are the +ives and -ives of fNIRS?

A

+ Portable and more tolerant of head movement

- can’t image deep structures

31
Q

what is iEEG/ ECoG?

A

Intracranial electroencephalography.
The only method that gives high resolution in both place and time is intercranial recording, when we record directly from the inside the human brain, during neurosurgery.

32
Q

ERPs are constructed by averaging time-locked portions of what measure?

A

EEG

33
Q

Rather than relying on reaction times, lesion methods tend to rely on what?

A

Error Rates

34
Q

It is impossible to measure action potentials from a single neuron non-invasively at the scalp level largely because:

A

The signal is too weak amidst the noise from other neurons

35
Q

A hypothetical grandmother cell that responds to both the sight and voice of one’s grandmother would be called:

A

Multi-modal

36
Q

When all the information about a stimulus or event is carried in all the neurons of a given population, it is considered which type of representation?

A

Fully Distributed

37
Q

Neurons representing information via greater synchronization of firing across different neurons for a given stimulus use what type of coding?

A

Temporal encoding

38
Q

Axonal currents associated with the action potential are described as which type of current?

A

Active Current

39
Q

In ERP parlance, “N400” means the:

A

The negative peak at 400 ms

40
Q

Posner (1978) called study of the time-course of information processing in the human nervous system which of the following:

  • Causal modelling
  • Efficiency analysis
  • temporal resolution assessment
  • Mental Chronometry
A

Mental Chronometry

41
Q

Associative priming is what kind of measure?

A

It is an implicit measure

42
Q

EVPs depend on what in a stimulus?

A

Physical properties of the stimulus

43
Q

These measure the responsiveness of a neuron to a given stimulus (in terms of action potentials per second)

A

Single-cell recordings (or single-unit recordings)

44
Q

The electrical activity (in terms of action potentials per second) of many individually recorded neurons recorded at one or more electrodes

A

Multi-cell recordings (or multi-unit recordings)

45
Q

What is a Grandmother Cell?

A

A hypothetical neuron that just responds to one particular stimulus (e.g. the sight of one’s grandmother)

46
Q

Define Rate Coding

A

The informational content of a neuron may be related to the number of action potentials per second

47
Q

Define Temporal Coding

A

The synchrony of firing may be used by a population of neurons to code the same stimulus or event

48
Q

Define Mental chronometry

A

The study of the time course of information processing in the human nervous system

49
Q

Define Associative Priming

A

reaction times are faster to stimulus X after being presented to stimulus Y if X and Y have previously been associated together (e.g. if they tend to co-occur)

50
Q

Define Exogenous

A

the word to describe ‘Related to properties of the stimulus’

51
Q

Define Endogenous

A

What is the word to describe ‘Related to properties of the task’

52
Q

What is the Inverse Problem?

A

The difficulty of locating the sources of electrical activity from measurements taken at the scalp (in ERP research)

53
Q

Measures of the spatial configuration of different types of tissue in the brain (principally CT and MRI)

A

Structural imaging

54
Q

Measures temporary changes in brain physiology associated with cognitive processing

A

Functional imaging

55
Q

Define Hemodynamic response function (HRF)

A

Changes in the BOLD signal over time

56
Q

Define Cognitive Subtraction

A

A type of experimental design in functional imaging in which activity in a control task is subtracted from activity in an experimental task

Cognitive Neuroscience (10 decks)

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