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Cognitive Neuroscience > Remembering the Brain 2 > Flashcards

Remembering the Brain 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the relationship between Working memory and short-term memory.

A

we refer to WM to denote the active manipulation of information within a STM store in the service of high cognitive functions (e.g., comprehension, reading etc.)

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2
Q

Describe Short-Term Memory

A
  • Memory for information currently “in mind”
  • Has a limited capacity
  • A more passive/static retention of material
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3
Q

Describe Working memory.

A
  • WM underlies the successful execution of complex behaviour, regardless of the cognitive domain or domains that are being engaged.
  • When working memory fails, so too does the ability to carry out many activities of daily living.
  • Motivated by goal directed behaviour.
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4
Q

Describe Baddeley’s (2000) Model of Working Memory.

A
  • Proposes separate STM stores and an executive system for manipulating & controlling info within the stores.
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5
Q

What is the Visuospatial Sketchpad?

A
  • the STM store retaining limited amount of info about visuospatial details.
  • is a slave system to the central executive
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6
Q

What is the Episodic Buffer?

A
  • the STM store retains episodic info for a limited amount of time.
  • the episodic info comes from already stored info.
  • is a slave system to the central executive

It is a temporary store that integrates information from the other components and maintains a sense of time, so that events occur in a continuing sequence.

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7
Q

What is the Phonological Loop?

A
  • the STM store retaining limited amount of verbal info

- is a slave system to the central executive

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8
Q

How can the capacity of phonological STM be assessed?

A
  • Assessed by span tasks
    • Digit span
    • Operation span
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9
Q

Where do phonological stores lie in the brain

A
  • The phonological store lies posteriorly

○ parietal lobes

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10
Q

What is the role of the Central executive in phonological short-term memory?

A

The central executive is responsible for refreshing information in the stores (rehearsal) and manipulating that information (e.g. using the list of numbers in STM to perform calculations).
- suggestions that it relies on the prefrontal cortex

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11
Q

What is the evidence for the independence of the buffers in Baddeley’s model of working memory?

A

Each STM store/buffer has its own capacity allocation and functions relatively independently from the other

Phonological Loop
Verbal Task 1: Hold in mind a few words
Verbal Task 2: repeat the-the-the
Reduced ability to perform Task 1.

Visuospatial Sketchpad
Task 1: Retaining the position of a moving stimulus
No effect in performing Verbal Task 1

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12
Q

Describe the functional Imaging evidence for the dissociation between Verbal and Visuospatial STM.

A

PET study by Smith et al (1996)

  • Distinct brain regions are active in the two WM tasks
  • Verbal STM – Left hemisphere
  • Visuospatial STM – Right hemisphere
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13
Q

How does working memory aid the digit span task?

A

Working memory manipulates and rehearses the sequence.

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14
Q

Describe the Operation Span Task

A
  • It predicts verbal ability of the participant
  • Ps read and verify a simple math problem
  • Then read a word after the operation (such as Truck).
  • Ps recall the words
  • Greater load with more intervening words and operations
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15
Q

What affects the long-term capacity for remembering words?

A

○ Span length lower for polysyllabic words.
○ Span length lower for phonologically similar words
○ Greatly hindered when rehearsal cannot be carried out.

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16
Q

Where is the phonological loop located in the brain?

A
  • According to the Baddeley model the Phonological loop contains a phonological store component (i.e., verbal STM) and a rehearsal mechanism
  • Phonological store → left supramarginal gyrus
  • Rehearsal system → Brodmann’s area 44 (Broca’s area).
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17
Q

Describe the slot model

A
  • Examines Visuospatial Short-Term Memory

- A small number of memory ‘slots’, each capable of storing a single visual object with fixed precision..

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18
Q

Describe the resource model.

A
  • Examines Visuospatial Short-Term Memory
  • No upper limit on the number of items stored; instead, the more items that are held in memory, the less precisely each can be recalled.
19
Q

What is the evidence for the Slot Model?

A

Luck and Vogel (1997)

  • used brief displays of arrays (coloured squares and oriented coloured lines)
  • Retain information about ~4 colours or orientations in visual working memory at one time
  • Retain both colour and orientation of four objects
  • Visual short-term memory capacity understood in terms of integrated objects rather than individual features
20
Q

What is the evidence for the resource model?

A

Bays, Catalao & Husain (2009)

  • Ps exposed to arrays.
  • Ps presented with another array which had a probe location. They had to say which colour that square was in the original array.
  • Location and colour of item was tested here.
  • The more items that are held in memory, the less precisely each could be recalled
21
Q

What did Bays, Catalao & Husain (2009) conclude when explaining the resource model?

A

Visual working memory consists of a common resource distributed dynamically across the visual scene, with no need to invoke an upper limit on the number of objects represented

22
Q

Describe the Study carried out by Ranganath et al., (2004) when exploring the neural correlates of visuospatial STM.

A
  • Prescan photos of faces and houses were displayed in pairs (one of each)
  • Ps had to decide if the cue matched the probe image that was showed after a delay.
  • DMS = Delayed matching-to-sample
    ○ Probed visual spatial working memory
  • DPA = Delayed paired associate
    ○ Probed visual spatial associative recall/ long-term visual spatial associative memory
23
Q

What were the results of the Study carried out by Ranganath et al., (2004) when exploring the neural correlates of visuospatial STM.

A
  • Activity within category-selective regions of inferior temporal cortex reflected the type of information that was actively maintained during both the associative memory and working memory tasks.
  • Maintaining single object in STM involves activating ventral stream representations
    ○ functionally connected to frontal and parietal regions during the delay period
  • The communication between frontal and parietal areas defined the success of working memory maintenance.
24
Q

What do the FFA and the PPA represent in the brain?

A
  • FFA: Faces

- PPA: places

25
Q

Describe the Delayed response task to investigate WM, using in animals.

A
  • Measures WM in monkey
  • Animal must retain the location of the unseen food during the delay period (WM)
  • Prefrontal lesions affect ability in performing task
    ○ Affect ability to retain food location information
26
Q

What is the problem with the Delayed response task, using in animals.

A
  • Do the animals fail this task because of a general deficit in forming associations or because of a deficit in working memory?
27
Q

Describe the Delayed response task to investigate Associative Memory, using in animals.

A
  • Food is paired with a visual cue (plus sign)
  • The task measures the animal’s ability to retain long-term rules
  • No need for the animal to retain visuospatial information during the delay period (as in the working memory task)
  • PFC damage disrupts a but not b
    ○ It has a critical role in visual-spatial working memory
28
Q

How do Prefrontal Cortex Neurones respond in the Delayed response task

A
  • Prefrontal neurons differentially respond to different stages of the experiment (cue – delay – response)
  • PFC neurons active during the delay period provide a neural correlate for keeping a representation active after a triggering stimulus is no longer active
  • They remain active (retain information) only if they animal needs to use the information for a forthcoming action
  • If the task conditions change, the same neurons become responsive to a new set of stimuli
29
Q

What did Druzgal & D’Esposito (2003) find when investigating the role of PFC in working memory for faces?

A
  • The BOLD response began to rise at the onset of the encoding period. This response was sustained in the delay period.
    ○ This response was sensitive to demands on WM
  • PFC is critical for WM, because it sustains a representation of the task goal. It works together with the inferior temporal cortex to sustain information that is relevant for achieving the goal across the delay period.
30
Q

Describe the interaction between the PFC and posterior cortex in working memory.

A
  • PFC activation reflects a representation of task goal
  • WM relies on interaction between PFC and other parts of the brain that contain perceptual and long-term knowledge relevant to a goal
31
Q

Describe Pertrides’ Theory of Working Memory.

A
  • Assumes division of PFC into at least two separate processes – maintenance and manipulation
  • Based on functional imaging and neuropsychological findings.
    - PET study showed that short-term retention of spatial information = ventrolateral PFC, but retention + update new locations = dorsolateral PFC
32
Q

What did Pertrides’ Theory of Working Memory state that the areas of the PFC are responsible for?

A
  • Ventrolateral PFC - subserves the maintenance of info to find the correct representation in the posterioral brain region, maintain this activity.
  • activity → dorsolateral PFC: responsible for manipulating this info and for monitoring the accuracy of this information in order to perform the action.
33
Q

What is the strongest evidence for the separation of STM and LTM stores?

A

Strongest evidence: Neuropsychological (patients) and behavioural (primacy and recency effects)
- double dissociation between H.M. and K.F.

34
Q

Describe the failures of H.M.’s memory

A
  • Inability to make new memories (i.e., cannot transfer new information into LTM)
  • But intact short-term memory
35
Q

Describe the failures of K.F.’s memory

A
  • KF (Shallice & Warrington, 1970) ]
  • Left parieto-occipital damage
  • Normal LTM, good long-term learning (word lists, paired associates)
  • Small STM span (low digit span)
36
Q

How does Cowan’s WM model (Cowan, 2001) differ to that of Baddeley’s?

A
  • Cowan’s WM model (Cowan, 2001) is similar to Baddeley’s formulation but does not necessitate separate stores for STM
  • Instead central executive is responsible for selecting and activating LTM representations to bring them into “Focus of Attention”
  • Unitary model of WM/STM
37
Q

What is the role of the PFC in LTM?

A
  • Responsible for maintenance and active control of information represented in LTM systems
  • PFC functions are also prevalent in purely LTM tasks (encoding and retrieval).
38
Q

What is the role of the PFC in memory encoding?

Kelley et al., 1998

A

○ Lateralised responses in PFC at encoding depend on the type of materials
○ Encoding of words or semantic materials (e.g., objects that can be verbalised) involve the left PFC
○ Encoding of spatial information or faces (as in Kelley et al., 1998 study) involve the right PFC

39
Q

What is the role of the PFC at retrieval?

A
  • PFC regions aid in the organisation, selection, monitoring, and evaluation of processing that occurs at retrieval
  • Evaluation of what has been retrieved from LTM = monitoring – in DLPFC
  • PFC damage results in more severe impairment during free recall as compared to recognition
40
Q

What is the role of the PFC and free recall?

A
  • Free recall means that there are minimal cues at test to aid memory performance
  • Greater strategic search, organisation, selection and evaluation of retrieved information takes place in free recall than in recognition or cued recall
    ○ All these functions are subserved by the prefrontal cortex.
41
Q

What is the role of the PFC and source monitoring?

A
  • Related to recall and recollection that stresses the ability to attribute retrieved memories to their original context
  • The PFC is involved at placing an event in context as this requires active evaluation before we are able to access the origin of the memory.
42
Q

What happens when someone has PFC damage?

A
  • Difficulty putting memories in their spatial and temporal context
  • Subjectively may experience “remembering” (e.g., they can perform a recognition task) but they fail to retrieve the correct source
  • They are more likely to confabulate: report narratives that include false memories (fabricated events)
43
Q

What is the role of the PFC in memory?

A

○ Maintaining information in working memory
○ Selecting information in the environment to focus on (important for encoding)
○ Providing cues and strategies to enable memory retrieval
○ Evaluating the content of memories (as in source monitoring)

Cognitive Neuroscience (10 decks)

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