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Cognitive Neuroscience > Neural Basis of Reading > Flashcards

Neural Basis of Reading Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 units of the writing system?

A
  • Alphabetic and Logographic

- Transparency and opaque orthography

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2
Q

Split-brain patients are most likely to have difficulties in reading what?

A

words presented in the left visual hemifield

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3
Q

What is a lexical decision task?

A

The task where participants need to decide, as quickly as possible, whether letter string forms a meaningful word (is it a word or non-word?).

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4
Q

Describe the stages of reading.

A
  1. detection of visual features
  2. letter recognition (90ms)
  3. Visual word recognition (110ms)
  4. Semantic reasoning (>160ms)
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5
Q

What is Principle Component Analysis (PCA)?

A

○ Reduce variables in data set (seen below)
○ Lowest level variable (word length) to highest level variable (semantic coherence).
○ Use individual variables and correlate the amplitude in ERPs and the principle component values.
- The stronger the word variable and a larger EPR shows that they are related.

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6
Q

What did Hauk et al (2006) Lexical Decision task find?

A
  • Reaction time and accuracy is better for words than non-words.
  • Visual processing time is not strongly affected by length of words.
  • Still recognise the word as it is even when some of the letters are covered
  • There is top-down contributions of our knowledge of the word
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7
Q

What is the word superiority effect?

A

There is top-down contributions of our knowledge of the word.

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8
Q

What causes word blindness?

A
  • Damage to the left ventral occipital temporal areas (VWFA) due to stroke can develop word blindness.
  • Patients with damage to neighbouring areas have not developed visual blindness.
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9
Q

describe the brain activation when people are presented with words and non words in the 2 visual fields.

A

Cohen et al (2002)
- Compared response form words and non-words against the response from the checkerboard stimulus.
○ They found that the left side of the visual word-form area was activated when stimulus was presented on either side of the visual field.

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10
Q

what did Cohen et al (2002) conclude from their split brain study on the visual word form area?

A
  • visual word form area is on the left
  • words are presented on the right = VWFA activation
  • words presented on the left = no activation in split brain patients of the VWFA.
  • This gives evidence for VWFA being on the left.
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11
Q

Is the VWFA specific to words?

A
  • Left ventral occipital-temporal area (VWFA) are not word specific, however it does have heightened sensitivity to visual word forms.
  • All sorts of visual features are being analyses here.
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12
Q

What is peripheral dyslexia?

A

A type of acquired dyslexia which is marked by troubles in processing the visual factors of terms and, not like central dyslexia, stems from injury to the visual analysis system.

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13
Q

What is attentional dyslexia?

A

Difficulty in separating constituent letters/words

Letter migration errors:
WIN FED → FIN FED (say)

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14
Q

What is neglect dyslexia?

A

Letter substitution errors on one side (contralateral lesion)
CLOCK →BLOCK
CLOCK →CLOAK

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15
Q

What are the types of peripheral dyslexia?

A

Attentional dyslexia
Neglect dyslexia
Pure Alexia

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16
Q

What are the types of central dyslexia?

A

Surface dyslexia
Deep Dyslexia
Phonological dyslexia

17
Q

What is surface dyslexia?

A

Have problems with phonological knowledge - phonological lexicon is damaged

18
Q

What is the cause of failing to read non-words?

A
  • If you cant read non words then your grapheme-to-phoneme conversion is damaged.
19
Q

What is Phonological dyslexia?

A 
- ability to read unreal words better than normal words
CHURSE → NURSE
- Problems in rhyme judgment 
	brain vs. brane
- but can perceive words fine
20
Q

What is deep dyslexia?

A
  • real words are read better than none words, and semantic errors are made in reading.
  • caused by extensive damage in temporal lobe
21
Q

What is surface dyslexia?

A

Ability to read non-words and regularly spelt words better than irregularly spelt word

22
Q

What is the lexico-Semantic route of reading?

A
  1. Visuo-spatial attention
  2. Visual features & letters
  3. Visual word form
  4. Semantic Memory
  5. Phonological lexion
  6. Read it aloud

2→6 linked by grapheme-to-phoneme conversion

23
Q

What is the summation hypothesis?

A

Summation hypothesis states that lexical representations in Reading are selected by summing the activation from the semantic system and grapheme-phoneme conversion.

24
Q

What does the summation hypothesis show?

A

patients (e.g. SD) with partial damage to one or both routes of reading may still be able to achieve relatively proficient performance at reading, even with regular words.

25
Q

What are the psycholinguistic factors that influence reading?

A

Marking visual (letter confusability)
Sub-lexical (length, grapheme contextuality),
Lexical (frequency, N-size, stress)
Semantic (age of acquisition and imageability) processes

26
Q

Describe an Alphabetic Writing System.

A
  • small units which form phonemes
  • multiple phonemes must be combined to form a word
  • mainly European
27
Q

Describe a Logographic Writing System

A
  • each character is a word
  • characters tell you meaning but not how to say it.
  • e.g. Chinese
28
Q

Describe a Transparent Writing System

A
  • grapheme to phoneme units is transparent

- no other way to pronounce that phoneme/symbol

29
Q

Describe an Opaque orthography Writing System

A
  • no strict rules as to how to pronounce this

- Leicester in english

30
Q

What is the present consensus about the Visual word form area?

A
  • Left ventral occipital-temporal area (VWFA) are not word specific, however it does have heightened sensitivity to visual word forms.
  • All sorts of visual features are being analyses here.

Cognitive Neuroscience (10 decks)

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