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Cognitive Neuroscience > Music & the Brain > Flashcards

Music & the Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What are the properties of music?

A
  • Universal – all cultures ever described have some form of music (if no instruments, still sing)
  • Unique - you don’t need to be human to sing - Birds
  • Context specific for birds: neural and hormonal changes vs. many contexts for humans
  • Function: only male birds sing: attract mate, defend territory
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2
Q

What role does the outer ear play in hearing music?

A

Outer ear (pinnae and ear canal): amplifies certain frequencies, important for locating origin of sounds

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3
Q

What role does the middle ear play in hearing music?

A

Middle ear (includes malleus, incus, stapes): converts airborne vibrations (of timpanic membrane) to liquid-borne vibrations

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4
Q

What role does the inner ear play in hearing music?

A

Inner ear (includes cochlea): converts liquid-borne vibrations to neural impulses

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5
Q

What is the pathway of auditory information from the ear to the cortex?

A
  1. hindbrain
  2. medulla
  3. ventral cochlea nucleus & superior olivary complex
  4. inferior colliculus (in midbrain)
  5. thalamus (medial geniculate nucleus)
  6. primary auditory cortex (in the temporal lobe) (core)
  7. Core area is surrounded by secondary auditory cortex (including belt and parabelt regions)
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6
Q

What is the role of the primary auditory cortex (in the temporal lobe) in the processing of auditory information?

A

It maps certain frequencies to certain parts of the cortex - tonotopic organisation

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7
Q

Regions of the brain responsible for Expectancy & generation of music.

A
  • PFC - prefrontal cortex

- BA44

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8
Q

Regions of the brain responsible for Emotional reactions to music.

A
  • cerebellum
  • amygdala
  • nucleus accumbens
  • BA47
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9
Q

Region of the brain responsible for Memory & associations of music.

A

hippocampus

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10
Q

Region of the brain responsible for Visual perception of music.

A

visual cortex

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11
Q

Define Pitch

A

frequency of note

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12
Q

Define Timbre

A

how different instruments sound

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13
Q

What is a semitone

A

Difference between black and white key

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14
Q

At what age can we distinguish between different rhythms?

A

3 yrs old

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15
Q

Describe the processes of Musical Development.

A

Newborn – perceive and remember pitch sequences, perceive a beat, sensitivity to contour, preference for consonance
4-6yrs – Respond to tonal more than atonal music
○ Best age to start musical training
7yrs – Sensitive to the rules of harmony
10yrs – Understand finer aspects of key structure
12yrs – Develop tastes and recognition of styles

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16
Q

What did Perani et al., 2011 do when studying music processing in newborns?

A
  • Western music: right-hemispheric activations in primary and higher order auditory cortex
  • Atonal music: activations emerged in the left inferior frontal cortex and limbic structures
  • infant brain shows a hemispheric specialization in processing music as early as the first postnatal hours
  • neural architecture underlying music processing in newborns is sensitive to changes in tonal key
17
Q

What is the “Mozart effect”?

A

The “Mozart effect” refers to claims that people perform better on tests of spatial abilities after listening to music composed by Mozart.

18
Q

When studying the “Mozart effect” what did Thomson Forde et al, (2001) find?

A
  • Findings provide evidence that the Mozart effect is an artifact of arousal and mood.
  • Not necessarily Mozart but any music that is arousing/ happy
19
Q

What is amusia?

A

An auditory agnosia in which music perception is affected more than the perception of other sounds. (tone deafness)

Amusics often score in the normal range for rhythm perception

20
Q

What do Amusics have problems with?

A
  • pitch perception
    - problems telling whether a melody goes up or down.
  • Pitch discrimination
  • Pitch memory
  • Speech problems
21
Q

Why do Amusics have problems with speech?

A 
Pitch is important to speech 
	1. Tonal languages (65%) 
		○ Mandarin, Cantonese, Thai
	2. Intonation: question to statement, convey attitude 
	3. Speaker Identity
22
Q

What is happening in the brain structure in amusics?

A
  • Reduction in white matter in right inferior frontal cortex
  • Increases in gray matter in auditory cortex
  • right superior arcuate fasiculus is unidentifiable
23
Q

What is happening in the brain in congenital amusics?

A
  • Increases in gray matter in auditory cortex

- Differences in cortical thickness may have compromised the normal development of right fronto-temporal pathway

24
Q

what is the right superior arcuate fasiculus?

A

Pathway that connects superior temporal gyrus (STG) with the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG)

25
Q

What did Peretz et al., (2009) ERP study show about amusics?

A
  • Amusics can’t process semitones = no P600 is seen
  • Amusics can track quarter tone pitch differences, showing an early right- lateralized negative brain response N200 – but they are UNAWARE and unable to report them
26
Q

What do ERPs show us about the Syntactic overlap between music and language.

A
  • Syntactic violation in language
    ○ Have a prominent P600 component - Also seen in semitones of music
    ○ Overlap in P600 component = proposed music and language shared the same resources for processing grammar
  • Semantic violation in language
    ○ Have a prominent N400 component
27
Q

How does amusia effect emotional response perception speech

A
  • Music and language have a common origin – overlapping functions and shared circuitry
  • Amusics were impaired on all emotions
  • Music and language share mechanisms that trigger emotional responses
28
Q

What are the brain regions responsible for chills when listening to music?

A

N Acc, Orbitofrontal cortex and ventral tegmental area

29
Q

What are the brain areas responsible for keeping a beat?

A
  • bilateral superior temporal gyrus areas because they contain primary auditory cortex.
  • Motor areas (finger tap) dorsal motor areas
    Basal ganglia is part of motor circuit and is important for motor perception. It controls sequence of movements
30
Q

Define Vocal learning?

A

learning to produce and imitate complex sound patterns based on what you hear - arbitrary sound sequence mapping

31
Q

What is the effect of musical training on motor cortex activation?

A
  • Those who had been trained on the piece has motor cortex activation as well
  • Overlap: auditory and motor systems interact closely during both perception and production
32
Q

How do musicians’ brains differ from non-musicians?

A

Musical training seem to push music processes onto language structures.
○ left lateralisation for musicians

Cognitive Neuroscience (10 decks)

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