Spatial Areas of Practice Flashcards
Spatial Areas of Practice
Regional/spatial planning gives geographical expression to the economic, social, cultural and ecological policies of society. It is at the same time a scientific discipline, an administrative technique and a policy developed as an interdisciplinary and comprehensive approach directed towards a balanced regional development and the physical organisation of space according to an overall strategy
Means of Federal Planning
Money/grants, legislation, regulation/permitting, land ownership, development
Lincoln Highway
the earliest transcontinental highways for automobiles across the United States of America. Conceived in 1912 by Indiana entrepreneur Carl G. Fisher, and formally dedicated October 31, 1913, the Lincoln Highway ran coast-to-coast from Times Square in New York City west to Lincoln Park in San Francisco
Interstate System
Built in 1956
Federal-Aid Highway
Interstate System, Federal Aid Primary Hwy System, Federal Aid secondary Hwy System
Federal Highway Funding
TEA (Transportation Equity Act), MAP-21 (Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century)
Interagency Planning
Three C’s, Corridor Planning, Transit Oriented Development, STP (Surfance Transportation Program - flexible funding for road surface improvements), SIP (Clean Air Act)
MPOs
Metropolitan Planning Organizations - Policy, Technical, Citizen committees. Regional Transportation Plan, Transportation Improvement Program, etc
FIFRA - 1972
The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) is a United States federal law that set up the basic U.S. system of pesticide regulation to protect applicators, consumers, and the environment.
Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) - 1974
The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) is the federal law that protects public drinking water supplies throughout the nation. Under the SDWA, EPA sets standards for drinking water quality and with its partners implements various technical and financial programs to ensure drinking water safety.
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
gives EPA the authority to control hazardous waste from the “cradle-to-grave.” This includes the generation, transportation, treatment, storage, and disposal of hazardous waste. RCRA also set forth a framework for the management of non-hazardoussolid wastes.
CERCLA/Superfund
CERCLA stands for the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, known also as Superfund. It was passed in 1980 in response to some alarming and decidely unacceptable hazardous waste practices and management going on in the 1970s.
SARA
The Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act amended the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA) on October 17, 1986. The Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 (SARA) reflected EPA’s experience in administering the complex Superfund program during its first six years and made several important changes and additions to the program. Also revised the Hazard Ranking System
Farm Bill (WRP)
a voluntary program offering landowners the opportunity to protect, restore, and enhance wetlands on their property. The USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) administers the program with funding from the Commodity Credit Corporation.
Federal Disaster Relief Act
authorizing the President to provide supplementaryFederal assistance when a Governor requested help and the President approved the request by declaring a major disaster.
NFIP/NIRM
a program created by the Congress of the United States in 1968 through the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968(P.L. 90-448). The program enables property owners in participating communities to purchase insurance protection, administered by the government, against losses from flooding, and requires flood insurance for all loans or lines of credit that are secured by existing buildings, manufactured homes, or buildings under construction, that are located in a community that participates in the NFIP.
Disaster Mitgation Act
Amended provisions in the Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act of 1988 - led to the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
Homeland Security Act
Title V consists of nine sections and it helps to ensure the response time and preparedness of providers for terrorist attacks, major disasters and other emergencies. In addition, it establishes standards, joint exercises and trainings and providing funds to the United States Department of Energy and the Environmental Protection Agency.
Army Corps and Flood Protection
Under Flood Control and Coastal Emergency Act,the U.S. Army Corps ofEngineersprovides disaster preparedness and response services and advanced planning measures designed to reduce the amount of damage caused by an impending disaster. USACE is prepared and ready to respond to natural and man-made disasters.
Section 8 Housing, CDBG
The housing choice voucher program is the federal government’s major program for assisting very low-income families, the elderly, and the disabled to afford decent, safe, and sanitary housing in the private market. Since housing assistance is provided on behalf of the family or individual, participants are able to find their own housing, including single-family homes, townhouses and apartments. The Community Development Block Grant (CDBG), one of the longest-running programs of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, funds local community development activities such as affordable housing, anti-poverty programs, and infrastructure development.
National Affordable Housing Act
“1990 - (1) to help families not owning a home to save for a downpayment for the purchase of a home; (2) to retain wherever feasible as housing affordable to low-income families those dwelling units produced for such purpose with Federal assistance; (3) to extend and strengthen partnerships among all levels of government and the private sector, including for-profit and non-profit organizations, in the production and operation of housing affordable to low-income and moderate-income families; (4) to expand and improve Federal rental assistance for very low-income families; and (5) to increase the supply of supportive housing, which combines structural features and services needed to enable persons with special needs to live with dignity and independence.
“
Empowerment / Enterprise Zones
TheEmpowerment Zone Programconsists of three US congressional designations. TheRenewal Communities(RCs), Empowerment Zones (EZs) and Enterprise Communities (ECs) are highly distressed urban and rural communities that may be eligible for a combination of grants, tax credits for businesses, bonding authority and other benefits. Highly distressed refers to communities who have experienced poverty and/or high emigration based upon definitions in the law.
Neighborhood Stabilization Program
provides emergency assistance to state and local governments to acquire and redevelop foreclosed properties that might otherwise become sources of abandonment and blight within their communities. The Neighborhood Stabilization Program (NSP) provides grants to every state, certain local communities, and other organizations to purchase foreclosed or abandoned homes and to rehabilitate, resell, or redevelop these homes in order to stabilize neighborhoods and stem the decline of house values of neighboring homes. The program is authorized under Title III of the Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008.
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act
astimulus packageenacted by the111th U.S. Congressand signed into law byPresident Barack Obamain February 2009. Developed in response to theGreat Recession, the ARRA’s primary objective was to save existing jobs and create new ones as soon as possible. Other objectives were to provide temporary relief programs for those most affected by the recession and invest in infrastructure, education, health, and renewable energy.
Tennessee Valley Authority
a federally ownedcorporationin theUnited Statescreated by congressional charter on May 18, 1933, to providenavigation,floodcontrol,electricity generation,fertilizermanufacturing, andeconomic developmentto theTennessee Valley, a region particularly affected by theGreat Depression.
Hoover Dam
a concrete arch-gravity dam in the Black Canyon of the Colorado River, on the border between the U.S. states of Nevada and Arizona. It was constructed between 1931 and 1936 during the Great Depression and was dedicated on September 30, 1935, by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Its construction was the result of a massive effort involving thousands of workers, and cost over one hundred lives.
Tahoe RPA
The Tahoe Regional Planning Agency(or TRPA) was formed in 1969 through a bi-state compact between California and Nevada which was ratified by the U.S. Congress. The agency is mandated to protect the environment of theLake TahoeBasin through land-use regulations and is one of only a few watershed-based regulatory agencies in the United States.
Chesapeake Bay Agreement
Formed an executive council to assess plans to improve water quality and living resources, will form a tehcnical committee to oversee these improvements, and forms a partnership with EPA to help
Tri-State Water War
a 21st-century water-use conflict among the states ofGeorgia,Alabama, andFloridaover flows in theApalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint River Basinand theAlabama-Coosa-Tallapoosa River Basin. TheU.S. Army Corps of Engineershas regulated water flow for the entire Chattahoochee River, fromLake LanierinForsyth County, Georgia, to Alabama and Florida. The states filed suit in 1990 in their conflict over the water supply; federal court has affirmed the Corps’ authority to negotiate the conflict.
Great Lakes Compact
legally bindinginterstate compactamong the U.S. states ofIllinois,Indiana,Michigan,Minnesota,New York,Ohio,PennsylvaniaandWisconsin. The compact details how the states manage the use of theGreat Lakes Basin’s water supply and builds on the 1985Great Lakes Charterand its 2001 Annex. The compact is the means by which the states implement the governors’ commitments under theGreat Lakes–St. Lawrence River Basin Sustainable Water Resources Agreementthat also includes the Premiers ofOntarioandQuebec.
Appalachian Regional Commission
1963 - a United States federal-state partnership that works with the people of Appalachia to create opportunities for self-sustaining economic development and improved quality of life. Congress established ARC to bring the region into socioeconomic parity with the rest of the nation.
Delta Regional Authority
aFederal-Statepartnership whose mission it is to improve the quality of life for the residents of theMississippi River Delta Region. The Delta Regional Authority serves 252 counties and parishes in parts of eight states; t least 75 percent of DRA funds must be invested in economically distressed counties and parishes. Half of DRA funds are awarded for transportation and basic infrastructure improvements.
Multistate Regional Tourism Entrepreneurship Project
“The Multi-state Regional Tourism Entrepreneurship Project is a year-long
effort focused on stimulating entrepreneurship in tourism-related businesses in the four state region generally extending from Billings, Montana, east to Medora, North Dakota, then south to the Black Hills of South Dakota, and then west to Cody, Wyoming. “
Port Authority of NY and NY (1921)
a joint venture between theUnited States,New YorkandNew Jersey, established in 1921 through aninterstate compactauthorized by the United States Congress. The Port Authority oversees much of the regionaltransportationinfrastructure, includingbridges,tunnels,airports, andseaports, within the geographical jurisdiction of thePort of New York and New Jersey.
Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (1964)
the public agency responsible for operating mostpublic transportationservices inGreater Boston,Massachusetts. Earlier modes of public transportation inBostonwere independently owned and operated; many were first folded into a single agency with the formation of the Metropolitan Transit Authority (MTA) in 1947. The MTA was replaced in 1964 with the present-day MBTA, which was established as an individual department within the Commonwealth of Massachusetts before becoming a division of theMassachusetts Department of Transportation(MassDOT) in 2009.
MTA DC (1965)
a tri-jurisdictional government agency that operates transit service in theWashington metropolitan area. WMATA was created by theUnited States Congressas aninterstate compactbetween theDistrict of Columbia, theStateofMaryland, and theCommonwealthofVirginia.
Multistate Hwy Transportation Agreement
This agreement encourages uniformity in allowable vehicle size and loads, as long as such uniformity is compatible with safe operation of vehicles on member highway systems and does not have an adverse impact on highway maintenance programs. Participation is open to all jurisdictions.
State-National Transportation Planning Similarities
Transportation planning, environmental protection, housing and economic development, emergency management
Unique State Transp. Roles
Growth management (state zoning, statewide mandates, partial mandates), floodplain management, health regulations, food planning, CZM and marine spatial planning
Patrick Geddes
Father of regional planning; 1909 - Valley Section (regional planning model to show complex bio interactions); Wrote 1915 book Cities in Evolution
Lewis Mumford
Regional Planning Association of America (1923) and the Culture of Cities (1938)
Federal Aid Hwy Act (MPOs)
1962 - led to creation of MPOs
Regional Planning Agencies
Intergovernmental coordination, collaboration, and technical assistance (Clearinghouse reviews); plan review, grant preparation and cost sharing, and mandated planning (MPOs)
Special Districts
Created by referendum or legislatively; ex - water management districts in Florida
Area-Based Regional Planning
Park Agency (Aduribdacks), North Carolina Outer Basnks, Commissions (Cape Cod), New Jersey Pinelands, California Coastal Commission
Issue-Based Regional Planning
Economic development, air quality, tourism, transportation, climate change
County Planning
Zoning/land use planning, emergency management, parks and rec planning, county roads, utilities, public health (septic tanks), rural economic development, natural systems, watersheds, Ag support
TMDLs
A Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) is a regulatory term in the U.S. Clean Water Act, describing a plan for restoring impaired waters that identifies the maximum amount of a pollutant that a body of water can receive while still meeting water quality standards.
Urban Relationships
Municipal to Fed-State (legislation, preemptions, grants, funding), Municipal to County (annexations, infrastructure provision)
Urban Challenges
Aging infrastructure, blight, crime, investments, demographic changes, shrinking populations, housing affordabililty, income disparities
Urban Opportunities
Visioning/reimagining, reuse and redevelopment
New Urbanism
New Urbanismis an urban design movement which promotes environmentally friendly habits by creating walkable neighborhoods containing a wide range of housing and job types.
Agricultural Urbanism
a method of design that incorporates and intensifiesagriculturalactivity across the Transect, promoting a variety of associated economic, environmental and social benefits from a neighborhood’s center to its rural edge.
Landscape Urbanism
a theory of urban planning arguing that the best way to organize cities is through the design of the city’slandscape, rather than the design of its buildings. The phrase ‘landscape urbanism’ first appeared in the mid 1990s.
Green Urbanism
a conceptual model for zero-emission and zero-waste urban design, which arose in the 1990s, promoting compact energy-efficient urban development, seeking to transform and re-engineer existing city districts and regenerate the post-industrial city centre.
Pop-up Urbanism (tactical)
an umbrella term used to describe a collection of low-cost, temporary changes to the built environment, usually in cities, intended to improve local neighbourhoods and city gathering places. TacticalUrbanismis also commonly referred to as guerillaurbanism,pop-up urbanism, city repair, or D.I.Y.
Urban Canyon
a place where the street is flanked by buildings on both sides creating acanyon-like environment. Classic examples of these human-built canyons are made when streets separate dense blocks of structures, especiallyskyscrapers.Urban canyons affect various local conditions, including temperature, wind, air quality, and radio reception, including satellite navigation signals.
Heat Island Effect
an urban area or metropolitan area that is significantly warmer than its surrounding rural areas due to human activities. The temperature difference usually is larger at night than during the day, and is most apparent when winds are weak. UHI is most noticeable during the summer and winter.
Suburb
Low density, outlying residential area of a city. Post WWII migration from cities (Levittown). Low density housing, auto dependent.
Inner Ring Suburb
a term used for a variety of suburban communities that are generally located very close to the centre of a large city (the inner city and central business district). Their urban density is lower than the inner city or central business district but higher than that of the city’s outer suburbs or exurbs.
Outer Ring Suburb
1960s-1980s. Cul-de-sac developments
Outermost Ring / Exburb
town whose residents normally work elsewhere but in which they live, eat and sleep. The name also suggests that these communities have little commercial or industrial activity beyond a small amount of locally-oriented retail business. Associated with rapid growth areas
Sprawl
Auto oriented, low density development, segregated land uses, development of greenfield sites on edge of metro, loss of forest, fields, farmlands
Challenges of Suburbs
Loss of traditional community patterns, lack of a “sense of place”, lack of community amenities, not walkable, aging population, aging infrastructure (housing, commercial, roads, streets, stormwater), access to jobs and services, traffic congestion
Edge Cities
Edge City: Life on the New Frontier by Joel Garreau (1991). More jobs than other bedroom communities, located in a previously rural or residential area outside city’s downtown. Over 5 million square feet office space, over 600,000 dquare feet of retail, percieved by population as one place, recent
Edgeless Cities
Cluster of low density office development; less than 5 million square feet, no clear boundary, not ped friendly, not mixed. From “Edgeless Cities” by Robert Lang in 2003. Example- Philadelphia
Small Town Planning
Medium density, mix of uses (jobs often govt, healthcare, small business, or farming); diverse house types; often exhibit sidewalks, street trees, on-street parking; Often have limited infrastructure, limited access to jobs, and limited tax income for municipal services
Agricultural Zoning
Limit non-farm uses, prohibits high-density development, restricts subdivision of land
Urban Growth Boundaries
Promotes growth within the boundary and severely restricts growth outside
Rural/Farmland Preservation Tools
Transfer of development rights (sending and receiving zones), land trusts, conservation easements, down zoning, cluster zoning (concentration of buildings in a certain area)
Down Zoning
process by which an area of land is rezoned to a usage that is less dense and less developed than its previous usage
Corridor Planning
An area of land along a linear route (road, transit line, waterway). Scale can vary and can scale multiple jurisdictions. Should consider connectivity between zones, compatible land uses, and consistency in design.
Transportation Management
Access/demand management, traffic safety and capacity, freight, multimodal facilities/TOD, parking, ped/bike access
Neighborhood Planning
Localized community within a larger city, town, or suburb. Often fosters face-to-face interactions. Should consider ped scale, design/scale controls, placemaking and preserving patterns, community services, acces to jobs, rec amenities, connectivy to other neighborhoods.
Neighborhood Unit Concept
Developed by Clarence Perry (The Neighborhood Unit in 1929). Diagrammatic planning model for residential development in metro areas.
Neighborhood Unit 6 Principles
Major roads should not enter unit but be boundaries; roads should be designed to slow traffic; population numbers should support its elementary school; focal point should be said elementary school; radius of max 1/4 mile for walkability; shopping should only be located on edges, on major roadways
Waterfront Planning
Land area bordering a body of water. Diverse mix of uses (industry, commercial, retail, residential, transportation nodes, recreation, water dependent uses)
Waterfront Public Access
Acces to many waterfronts cut off by highways, rail, or private development; Should restrore public access through redevelopment
Waterfront Tourism
Land use impacts tourism; traffic management challenges abound; manage the seasonal economy and preserve historic character/natural features
Historic Districts
A group of buildings, properties, or sites that have been designated by an entity as historically or architecturally significant. First historic district - Charleston, SC (1931). New Orleans also established the Vieux Carre Commission in 1937 to maintain the French Quarter.
National Register of Historic Places
Legislation intended to preserve historical and archaeological sites in the United States of America. The act created the National Register of Historic Places, the list of National Historic Landmarks, and the State Historic Preservation Offices. National Register status does not ensure protection however.
SHPO
State Historic Preservation Offices - established under NHPA of 1966. Administered various historic preservation programs. Vary by individual state on rules and regs
Certificates of Appropriateness
When an owner of a local historic landmark or a resident within a historic district wants to make changes to the exterior of his or her property, aCertificate of Appropriateness(COA) is needed from the historic preservation commission (HPC) in addition to other permits that may apply.
Downtown Planning
Main buisness or commercial area of a city or town. Often the cultural or historical center or a town, usually contains the central business district
Downtown Plan Elements
transportaiton/transit, ped orientation, parking, infill/redevelopment, adaptive reuse, signage, public spaces/art, placemaking, infrastructure needs, events/tourism, street trees, street cleaning
Downtown Development Authority
a type of tax increment finance authority available to a city, village, or township. Under tax increment financing, an authority captures a defined portion of the property tax revenues in a designated area. Typically, a DDA captures the growth in tax revenue within a designated development area for use in financing a variety of public improvements in the area, often through the issuance of bonds. The act says a municipality can create a DDA by resolution in order “to halt property value deterioration and increase property tax valuation where possible in its business district, to halt the causes of that deterioration, and to promote economic growth.”
Main Street Organization
Main Street Inc. is the name of a community revitalization program begun by the National Trust for Historic Preservation in the late 1970s. … Main Street focuses on a holistic approach to revitalization based on the 4-point approach of design, promotion, economic restructuring, and organization.
Chambers of Commerce
a form ofbusiness network, for example, a local organization ofbusinesseswhose goal is to further the interests of businesses.Business ownersin towns and cities form these local societies to advocate on behalf of thebusiness community. Local businesses are members, and they elect a board of directors or executive council to set policy for the chamber. The board or council then hires a President, CEO or ExecutDirector, plus staffing appropriate to size, to run the organization.
