Plan Making and Implementation

Question 1

Comprehensive Plan

Answer 1

“Scope = Entire Community

Time frime = Long Term

Goal= Describe how development might be best accomodated now and in the future.

Implementation = 1. Regulation (zoning, subdivisions, housing ordinances, signs, building codes, taxation)
2. Acquisition (fee simple purchase, dedications, developer agreements, conservation easments, eminent domain)”

Question 2

Strategic Plan

Answer 2

“Scope = more focused

Time frame = short-term

Goal = Direct resources to accomplish stated purpose

Implementation = 1. Taxation tools (property and sales tax, tax abatement, CID, Tax Increment Financing (TIF)
2. Expenditures (capital improvements, operating expenditures, retiring bond debt)”

Question 3

Visioning

Answer 3

Used to develop a vision statement, a preferred image of the community. Public participation important step. Used at BEGINNING of process. Does not look at existing constraints.

Question 4

Goal

Answer 4

Value based statement, not necessarily measureable. Should include purpose, scope, and context

Question 5

Objective

Answer 5

More specific than goal, measureable statement of desired end, should include location, character, and timing

Question 6

Policy

Answer 6

Rule or course of action that indicates how the goals and objectives should be realized. Should include principles, agreements, resolutions, and guidance for implementation

Question 7

Program

Answer 7

series of related, mission-oriented activites aimed at carrying out a particular goal or policy. Should include initiatives, costs, milestones, responsibilites

Question 8

Nominal Measure

Answer 8

“Descriptive, label, non-numerical

example - gender, race, colors”

Question 9

Ordinal Measure

Answer 9

“Order of values are important, but the differences is not well known

example- very happy, happy, ok, sad, very sad”

Question 10

Interval Measure

Answer 10

“Numberic scale in wher we know the order and the difference between values.

Example - 10 degrees, 20 degrees, 30 degrees”

Question 11

Ratio Measure

Answer 11

“Numeric order and EXACT difference known between values and have an absolute zero value.

Example - amount of apples purchased: 0, 1, 2”

Question 12

Qualitative Variable

Answer 12

relating to, measuring, or measured by the quality of something rather than its quantity.

Question 13

Quantitative Variable

Answer 13

relating to, measuring, or measured by the quantity of something rather than its quality.

Question 14

Discrete Variable

Answer 14

Discrete variablesare countable in a finite amount of time. For example, you can count the change in your pocket. You can count the money in your bank account. You could also count the amount of money ineveryone’sbank account. It might take you a long time to count that last item, but the point is — it’s still countable.

Question 15

Continuous Variable

Answer 15

Acontinuous variableis one which can take on infinitely many,uncountablevalues.

Question 16

Dichotomous Variable

Answer 16

Dichotomous variables are nominal variables which have only two categories or levels. For example, if we were looking at gender, we would most probably categorize somebody as either “male” or “female”.

Question 17

Dependent Variable

Answer 17

“The dependent variable is what is being studied and measured in the experiment.It’s what changes as a result of the changes to the independent variable.An example of a dependent variable is how tall you are at different ages. The dependent variable (height) depends on the independent variable (age).

(Y)”

Question 18

Independent Variable

Answer 18

“The independent variable is the variable whose change isn’t affected by any other variable in the experiment.Either the scientist has to change the independent variable herself or it changes on its own; nothing else in the experiment affects or changes it.(X)

Example - time or age”

Question 19

Mode

Answer 19

“The most frequently occurring number found in a set of numbers. The mode is found by collecting and organizing data in order to count the frequency of each result. The result with the highest number of occurrences is the mode of the set.

A measure of Central Tendency”

Question 20

Mean

Answer 20

“The sum of the values in the data set and then divide by the number of values that you added.

A measure of Central Tendency”

Question 21

Median

Answer 21

Median”The median is the value separating the higher half from the lower half of a data sample (a population or a probability distribution). For a data set, it may be thought of as the ““middle”” value. For example, in the data set {1, 3, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9}, the median is 6, the fourth largest, and also the fourth smallest, number in the sample.

A measure of Central Tendency”

Question 22

Normal Distribution

Answer 22

“Anormal distribution, sometimes called thebell curve, is a distribution that occurs naturally in many situations. For example, thebell curveis seen in tests like the SAT and GRE. The bulk of students will score theaverage(C), while smaller numbers of students will score a B or D. An even smaller percentage of students score an F or an A. This creates a distribution that resembles a bell (hence the nickname). Thebell curveis symmetrical. Half of the data will fall to the left of themean; half will fall to the right.

mean = median = mode”

Question 23

Skewed Distribution

Answer 23

“If one tail is longer than another, the distribution is skewed. These distributions are sometimes called asymmetric or asymmetrical distributions as they don’t show any kind of symmetry.

A left-skewed distribution has a long left tail. Left-skewed distributions are also called negatively-skewed distributions. That’s because there is a long tail in the negative direction on the number line. The mean is also to the left of the peak.

A right-skewed distribution has a long right tail. Right-skewed distributions are also called positive-skew distributions. That’s because there is a long tail in the positive direction on the number line. The mean is also to the right of the peak.”

Question 24

Range

Answer 24

“Range (statistics) The difference between the lowest and highest values. In {4, 6, 9, 3, 7} the lowest value is 3, and the highest is 9, so the range is 9 − 3 = 6. Range can also mean all the output values of a function.

A measure of Variability”

Question 25

Variance

Answer 25

“the expectation of the squared deviation of a random variable from its mean. Informally, it measures how far a set of (random) numbers are spread out from their average value.

A measure of Variability”

Question 26

Standard Deviation

Answer 26

“a measure that is used to quantify the amount of variation or dispersion of a set of data values.[1] A low standard deviation indicates that the data points tend to be close to the mean (also called the expected value) of the set, while a high standard deviation indicates that the data points are spread out over a wider range of values.

A measure of Variability”

Question 27

Frequency Analysis

Answer 27

Frequencyis the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit of time. It is also referred to as temporalfrequency, which emphasizes the contrast to spatialfrequencyand angularfrequency. The period is the duration of time of one cycle in a repeating event, so the period is the reciprocal of thefrequency.

Question 28

Hypothesis Testing

Answer 28

“Hypothesis testing is the use of statistics to determine the probability that a given hypothesis is true. The usual process of hypothesis testing consists of four steps.

1. Formulate the null hypothesis H_0 (commonly, that the observations are the result of pure chance) and the alternative hypothesis H_a (commonly, that the observations show a real effect combined with a component of chance variation).
2. Identify a test statistic that can be used to assess the truth of the null hypothesis.
3. Compute the P-value, which is the probability that a test statistic at least as significant as the one observed would be obtained assuming that the null hypothesis were true. The smaller the P-value, the stronger the evidence against the null hypothesis.
4. Compare the p-value to an acceptable significance value alpha (sometimes called an alpha value). If p<=alpha, that the observed effect is statistically significant, the null hypothesis is ruled out, and the alternative hypothesis is valid.”

Question 29

Regression Analysis

Answer 29

Instatistical modeling,regression analysisis a set of statistical processes forestimatingthe relationships among variables. It includes many techniques for modeling and analyzing several variables, when the focus is on the relationship between adependent variableand one or moreindependent variables(or ‘predictors’). More specifically, regression analysis helps one understand how the typical value of the dependent variable (or ‘criterion variable’) changes when any one of the independent variables is varied, while the other independent variables are held fixed.

Question 30

Qualitative Data

Answer 30

Qualitative datais information about qualities; information that can’t actually be measured. Some examples ofqualitative dataare the softness of your skin, the grace with which you run, and the color of your eyes.

Question 31

Descriptive Data

Answer 31

tools, data, and methods to describe the population within an area

Question 32

Trends (demographic)

Answer 32

how demographic data has changed over a period of time

Question 33

Projections

Answer 33

Estimates of future population and population structure

Question 34

Crude Death Rate

Answer 34

deaths / 1000 pop

Question 35

Crude Birth Rate

Answer 35

births / 1000 pop

Question 36

General Fertility Rate

Answer 36

births / 1000 women aged 15-49

Question 37

Age-Specific Fertility Rate

Answer 37

births per 1000 women in specific age group

Question 38

Fecundity

Answer 38

physiological capacity of a woman to produce a child

Question 39

Fertility

Answer 39

acutal reproductive perdomance of an individual

Question 40

Total Fertility Rate

Answer 40

“number of children women are having

Example - US birth rate is 2.1 births per woman”

Question 41

Replacement Rate

Answer 41

“Country’s survival rates

Example: 2.06 per woman”

Question 42

Ratio-Step Down Method

Answer 42

An area’s population is proportionally derived from projections of a larger region to which the area belongs.

Question 43

“Cohort Component
(Cohort Survival)”

Answer 43

“he cohort component technique uses the components of demographic change to project population growth. The technique projects the population by age groups, in addition to other demographic attributes such as sex and ethnicity.

”

Question 44

Extrapolation Methods

Answer 44

Extrapolation is a projection technique that uses aggregated data from the past to project into the future. In population projections, past and current census information is used to project future population size. In most cases, extrapolation methods are used for projecting the total population size for a future date in time. However, these tools can also be used to project the size of population segments, provided that both past and current census data are available.

Question 45

Symptomatic Methods

Answer 45

”- Basic assumption in all methods is that changes in related obtainable data are predictive of changes in the population as whole.

• related data includes building permits, vital stats, school enrollment, new telephone hookups, dwelling unit counts, and voter registration.”

Question 46

Housing Units Methods

Answer 46

The housing unit method is based on the fact that almost everyone lives in some type of housing structure, whether a single family unit, an apartment, a mobile home, a college dormitory, or a state prison. Recall that the demographic balancing equation is an exact identity of population change (see Chapter 3). In a similar vein, the housing unit method provides an exact determination of the total population;

Question 47

Location Quotient

Answer 47

a ratio that compares a region to a larger reference region according to some characteristic or asset. Suppose X is the amount of some asset in a region (e.g., manufacturing jobs), and Y is the total amount of assets of comparable types in the region (e.g., all jobs). X/Y is then the regional “concentration” of that asset in the region. If X’ and Y’ are similar data points for some larger reference region (like a state or nation), then the LQ or relative concentration of that asset in the region compared to the nation is (X/Y) / (X’/Y’).

Question 48

Shift-share Analysis

Answer 48

a standard regional analysis method that attempts to determine how much of regional job growth can be attributed to national trends and how much is due to unique regional factors. Shift share helps answer why employment is growing or declining in a regional industry, cluster, or occupation.

Question 49

Benefit-Cost Analysis

Answer 49

“a systematic approach to calculating and comparing the benefits and costs of a course of action in a given situation. The goal of CBA is to determine which option returns the optimal ratio of benefits to costs, therefore solve the issue regarding opportunity cost

1. To determine if an investment or decision is sound – verifying whether its benefits outweigh the costs, and by how much;
2. To provide a basis for comparing investments or decisions – comparing the total expected cost of each option against their total expected benefits.”

Question 50

Economic Base Analysis

Answer 50

was developed byRobert Murray Haigin his work on theRegional Plan of New Yorkin 1928. Briefly, it posits that activities in an area divide into two categories: basic and nonbasic. Basic industries are those exporting from the region and bringing wealth from outside, while nonbasic (or service) industries support basic industries.

Question 51

Input-Output Economic Analysis

Answer 51

“a quantitative economic technique that represents the interdependencies between different branches of a national economy or different regional economies.[1]Wassily Leontief(1906–1999) is credited with developing this type of analysis and earned theNobel Prize in Economicsfor his development of this model.

Because the input–output model is fundamentally linear in nature, it lends itself to rapid computation as well as flexibility in computing the effects of changes in demand. Input–output models for different regions can also be linked together to investigate the effects of inter-regional trade, and additional columns can be added to the table to perform environmentally extended input-output analysis (EEIOA). For example, information on fossil fuel inputs to each sector can be used to investigate flows of embodied carbon within and between different economies.”

Question 52

Fiscal Impact Analysis

Answer 52

“FIAM estimates the costs and revenues associated with land use decisions and project future budget balances, providing local government decision makers with a better understanding of the financial impacts of land use decisions and development plans.

1. Average Cost Approach - it is assumed that the cost of inventory is based on the average cost of the goods available for sale during the period. The average cost is computed by dividing the total cost of goods available for sale by the total units available for sale.
2. Marginal Cost Approach - Marginal cost pricing is the practice of setting the price of a product at or slightly above the variable cost to produce it. This approach typically relates to short-term price setting situations.”

Question 53

Net Present Value

Answer 53

Net present value (NPV) is the difference between the present value of cash inflows and the present value of cash outflows over a period of time. NPV is used incapital budgetingto analyze the profitability of a projected investment or project.

Question 54

County Business Patterns

Answer 54

CBP is an annual series that provides subnational economic data by industry. This series includes the number of establishments, employment during the week of March 12, first quarter payroll, and annual payroll.

Question 55

Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages

Answer 55

TheQuarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW)program publishes a quarterly count of employment and wages reported by employers covering more than 95 percent of U.S. jobs, available at the county, MSA, state and national levels by industry.

Question 56

Person Income, Gross Domestic Product

Answer 56

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the total value of all goods and services produced by economic activity in an economy. GDP is equal to the total amount of sales from Montana businesses, minus the total non-wage input costs. Personal income is how much money is received by people in an economy from their economic activity. Personal income includes wages, benefits, proprietor income, dividends, interest, rent, and transfer payments like Social Security and veteran’s benefits. The two concepts are related, and typically show very similar trends. When GDP increases, personal income will also increase. However, these two concepts also have differences.

Question 57

Datum

Answer 57

Adatumis a specific, known point on or in the Earth that is used for reference. A projection uses thedatumas a point of reference, it’s location on Earth. InGIS, there are two types of “coordinate systems”: Geographic Coordinate System (latitude and longitude) and Projected Coordinate System (X and Y).

Question 58

Coordinate System

Answer 58

“a reference system used to represent the locations of geographic features, imagery, and observations, such as Global Positioning System (GPS) locations, within a common geographic framework.

Two Types:
1. A global or spherical coordinate system such as latitude-longitude. These are often referred to as geographic coordinate systems.
2. A projected coordinate system such as universal transverse Mercator (UTM), Albers Equal Area, or Robinson, all of which (along with numerous other map projection models) provide various mechanisms to project maps of the earth’s spherical surface onto a two-dimensional Cartesian coordinate plane. Projected coordinate systems are referred to as map projections.”

Question 59

Raster

Answer 59

arasterconsists of a matrix of cells (or pixels) organized into rows and columns (or a grid) where each cell contains a value representing information, such as temperature.Rastersare digital aerial photographs, imagery from satellites, digital pictures, or even scanned maps.

Question 60

Vector

Answer 60

A representation of the world using points, lines, and polygons. Vector models are useful for storing data that has discrete boundaries, such as country borders, land parcels, and streets.

Question 61

Polygons

Answer 61

On a map, a closed shape defined by a connected sequence of x,y coordinate pairs, where the first and last coordinate pair are the same and all other pairs are unique.

Question 62

Layers

Answer 62

The visual representation of a geographic dataset in any digital map environment. Conceptually, a layer is a slice or stratum of the geographic reality in a particular area, and is more or less equivalent to a legend item on a paper map. On a road map, for example, roads, national parks, political boundaries, and rivers might be considered different layers.

Question 63

Point

Answer 63

A geometric element defined by a pair of x,y coordinates.

Question 64

LIDAR

Answer 64

asurveyingmethod that measures distance to a target by illuminating the target withpulsed laserlight and measuring the reflected pulses with a sensor. Differences in laser return times and wavelengths can then be used to make digital3-D representationsof the target. The namelidar, now used as an acronym oflight detection and ranging1, was originally aportmanteauoflightandradar.[2][3]Lidar sometimes is called3D laser scanning, a special combination of a3D scanningandlaser scanning.

Question 65

Ian McHarg

Answer 65

“introduced concept of overlaying layers of information on a map

"”Design by Nature”””

Question 66

Application Programming Interface (API)

Answer 66

A set of interfaces, methods, protocols, and tools that application developers use to build or customize a software program. APIs make it easier to develop a program by providing building blocks of prewritten, tested, and documented code that are incorporated into the new program. APIs can be built for any programming language.

Question 67

Augmented Reality (AR)

Answer 67

an interactive experience of a real-world environment whereby the objects that reside in the real-world are “augmented” by computer-generated perceptual information, sometimes across multiple sensory modalities, includingvisual,auditory,haptic,somatosensory, andolfactory.[1]The overlaid sensory information can be constructive (i.e. additive to the natural environment) or destructive (i.e. masking of the natural environment) and is seamlessly interwoven with the physical world such that it is perceived as animmersiveaspect of the real environment.[2]In this way, augmented reality alters one’s ongoing perception of a real world environment, whereasvirtual realitycompletely replaces the user’s real world environment with a simulated one.[3][4]Augmented reality is related to two largely synonymous terms:mixed realityandcomputer-mediated reality.

Question 68

Near Field Communcation (NFC)

Answer 68

a set ofcommunicationprotocols that enable two electronic devices, one of which is usually a portable device such as a smartphone, to establishcommunicationby bringing them within 4 cm (1.6 in) of each other.

Question 69

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)

Answer 69

a form of wireless communication that incorporates the use of electromagnetic or electrostatic coupling in theradio frequencyportion of the electromagnetic spectrum to uniquely identify an object, animal or person.

Question 70

“Mash Up”

Answer 70

digital file that is produced by the integration of various types of files

Question 71

Ordinance of 1785

Answer 71

TheLand Ordinance of 1785was adopted by theUnited StatesCongress of the Confederationon May 20, 1785. It set up a standardized system whereby settlers could purchase title to farmland in the undeveloped west. Congress at the time did not have the power to raise revenue by direct taxation, so land sales provided an important revenue stream. The Ordinance set up a survey system that eventually covered over three-fourths of the area of the continental United States

Question 72

The Regional Survey of New York and its Environments (1929)

Answer 72

“Neighborhood Unit”

Question 73

Greenfield Dev

Answer 73

Greenfield Developmentrefers to the real estatedevelopmentof land not previously used for residential, commercial or industrial purpose.

Question 74

Leapfrog Dev

Answer 74

Leapfrog developmentis defined as thedevelopmentof lands in a manner requiring the extension of public facilities. Thedevelopmentis made from their existing terminal point through intervening undeveloped areas that are scheduled fordevelopmentat a later time.

Question 75

Redevelopment

Answer 75

“Redevelopment is any new construction on a site that has pre-existing uses.

Variations on redevelopment include:
-Urban infill on vacant parcels that have no existing activity but were previously developed, especially on Brownfield land, such as the redevelopment of an industrial site into a mixed-use development.
-Constructing with a denser land usage, such as the redevelopment of a block of townhouses into a large apartment building.
-Adaptive reuse, where older structures are converted for improved current market use, such as an industrial mill into housing lofts.”

Question 76

Brownfield/Grayfield

Answer 76

any previously developed land that is not currently in use, whether contaminated or not or, in North America, more specifically to describelandpreviously used forindustrialor commercial purposes with known or suspectedpollutionincludingsoil contaminationdue tohazardous waste.

Question 77

Infill Development

Answer 77

Many in community development think of infill housing as new houses constructed on vacant, underused lots interspersed among older, existing properties in established urban neighborhoods. However, others broaden the definition to include major refurbishing or reuse of existing homes or buildings.

Question 78

Transit Oriented Development

Answer 78

a type ofurban developmentthat maximizes the amount ofresidential,businessandleisurespace withinwalkingdistance ofpublic transport.In doing so, TOD aims to increasepublic transportridership by reducing the use of private cars and by promoting sustainable urban growth

Question 79

Mixed Use

Answer 79

a type of urbandevelopmentthat blends residential, commercial, cultural, institutional, or entertainment uses, where those functions are physically and functionally integrated, and that provides pedestrian connections.

Question 80

National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)

Answer 80

“aUnited States environmental lawthat promotes the enhancement of the environment and established thePresident’s Council on Environmental Quality(CEQ). The law was enacted on January 1, 1970. To date, more than 100 nations around the world have enacted national environmental policies modeled after NEPA.

NEPA’s most significant outcome was the requirement that all executive federal agencies prepare environmental assessments (EAs) and environmental impact statements (EISs). These reports state the potential environmental effects of proposed federal agency actions.[4] NEPA does not apply to the President, Congress, or the federal courts.

”

Question 81

Subdivision

Answer 81

the act of dividing land into pieces that are easier to sell or otherwisedevelop, usually via aplat. The former single piece as a whole is then known in the United States as a subdivision. If it is used forhousingit is typically known as ahousing subdivisionorhousing development,although some developers tend to call these areascommunities.

Question 82

Agricultural Preservation Zoning

Answer 82

different from a typical agricultural district in a municipal zoning ordinance. Its intent is to support and protect farming by stabilizing the agricultural land base. This is done by designating areas where agriculture is the desired land use and discouraging other types. It places strict limits on the amount of development that is allowed to occur and attempts to retain the farm as a whole tract.

Question 83

Density Bonus

Answer 83

an incentive-based tool that permits a developer to increase the maximum allowable development on a site in exchange for either funds or in-kind support for specified public policy goals.

Question 84

Conservation Subdivision

Answer 84

a design strategy that attempts to preserve undivided, buildable tracts of land as communal open space for residents (Arendt et al.). In a conservation subdivision, ideally 50 to 70 percent of the buildable land is set aside as open space by grouping homes on the developed portions of the land. The process promoted by Randall Arendt begins by identifying land to be conserved and ends with drawing in lot lines for the planned homes (Arendt).

Question 85

Easements

Answer 85

anonpossessoryright to use and/or enter onto thereal propertyof another without possessing it. It is “best typified in the right of way which one landowner, A, may enjoy over the land of another, B”. It is similar toreal covenantsandequitable servitudes;in the United States, theRestatement (Third) of Propertytakes steps to merge these concepts as servitudes.

Question 86

Stormwater Management

Answer 86

“the effort to reduce runoff of rainwater or melted snow into streets, lawns and other sites and the improvement of water quality. Detaining stormwater and removing pollutants is the primary purpose of stormwater management.

In urban and developed areas, impervious surfaces such as pavement and roofs prevent precipitation from naturally soaking into the ground. Instead, water runs rapidly into storm drains, sewer systems and drainage ditches and can cause flooding, erosion, turbidity (or muddiness), storm and sanitary sewer system overflow, and infrastructure damage. However, stormwater design and “green infrastructure” capture and reuse stormwater to maintain or restore natural hydrologies.”

Question 87

Growth Management

Answer 87

Sytem of studies, policies, progreams, and regulations that guide the type, intensity, location, and timing of growth consistent with a comprehensive plan

Question 88

Annexation

Answer 88

the process by which cities extend their municipal services, regulations, voting privileges & taxing authority to new territory.

Question 89

Extraterritorial Jurisdiction (ETJ)

Answer 89

the legal ability of agovernmentto exerciseauthoritybeyond its normal boundaries. it must be agreed either with the legal authority in the external territory, or with a legal authority which covers both territories. When unqualified, ETJ usually refers to such an agreed jurisdiction, or it will be called something like “claimed ETJ”.

Question 90

Exactions

Answer 90

” condition for development is imposed on a parcel of land that requires the developer to mitigate anticipated negative impacts of the development.

Improvement or dedication of land. Fee in lieu. Impact fees. “

Question 91

Performance Guarantees

Answer 91

“A Performance Guarantee is issued by an insurance company or bank to a contractor to guarantee the full and due performance of the contract according to the plans and specifications.

A project requiring a payment & performance bond will usually require a bid bond, in order to qualify to bid for the project. A payment and performance bond will then be required of the winning bidder as a security to guarantee job completion.

Should the contractor fail to construct the building according to the specifications laid out by the contract, the client is guaranteed compensation for any monetary losses up to the amount of the performance bond.”

Question 92

Line Item Budget

Answer 92

A budget in which the individual financial statement items are grouped by cost centers or departments. It shows the comparison between the financial data for the past accounting or budgeting periods and estimated figures for the current or a future period.

Question 93

Performance Budget

Answer 93

abudgetthat reflects the input of resources and the output of services for each unit of an organization. This type ofbudgetis commonly used by government bodies to show the link between taxpayer funds and the outcome of services provided by federal, state or local governments.

Question 94

Program Budget

Answer 94

abudgetdesigned for a specific activity orprogram. Thisbudgetincludes only revenue and expenses for a specificprogram.Program budgetsare used in many organizations including businesses and schools.

Question 95

Revenue

Answer 95

forecasts of a company’s sales revenues and expenditures, including capital-related expenditures. It is essential that you establish whether you possess enough financial means to conduct operations, grow your business and ultimately make a profit.

Question 96

Tax Adjustments

Answer 96

“1. Tax Abatement -a reduction of taxes granted by a government to encourage economic development. The most common type of tax abatement is a property tax abatement granted to a business as an incentive to come to a city or expand existing operations within the city.

2. Improvement District - a defined area within which businesses are required to pay an additional tax (or levy) in order to fund projects within the district’s boundaries. The BID is often funded primarily through the levy but can also draw on other public and private funding streams.
3. Tax increment financing (TIF) - a public financing method that is used as a subsidy for redevelopment, infrastructure, and other community-improvement projects. municipalities typically divert future property tax revenue increases from a defined area or district toward an economic development project or public improvement project in the community. TIF subsidies are not appropriated directly from a city’s budget, but the city incurs loss through foregone tax revenue.”

Question 97

Capital Impovements Budget

Answer 97

expenditures for the next fiscal year

Question 98

Capital Improvements Program

Answer 98

improvements that are scheduled in the succeeding four or five year period

Question 99

Policy

Answer 99

proposed or adopted course or principle of action. OR a contract of insurance

Question 100

Decision Matrix

Answer 100

a list of values in rows and columns that allows an analyst to systematically identify, analyze, and rate the performance of relationships between sets of values and information. Elements of a decision matrix show decisions based on certain decision criteria.

Question 101

Gantt Charts

Answer 101

a type of barchartthat illustrates a project schedule. Thischartlists the tasks to be performed on the vertical axis, and time intervals on the horizontal axis. The width of the horizontal bars in the graph shows the duration of each activity.

Question 102

PERT

Answer 102

“a project management tool used to schedule, organize, and coordinate tasks within a project. PERT stands forProgram Evaluation Review Technique

presents a graphic illustration of a project as a network diagram consisting of numbered nodes (either circles or rectangles) representing events, or milestones in the project linked by labelled vectors (directional lines) representing tasks in the project. The direction of the arrows on the lines indicates the sequence of tasks.”

Question 103

Critical Path Method (CPM)

Answer 103

analgorithmforschedulinga set of project activities.[1]It is commonly used in conjunction with theprogram evaluation and review technique(PERT)