Functional Areas of Practice Flashcards
Functional Areas of Practice
Activities and specialties of professional planners. Public sector planners (govt, planning agencies, state and feds), Private sector planners (consultants, real estate), and Non-Profit or Non-Govt Agency Planners
Policy
A principle or rule to guide decisions and achieve rational outcomes. A statement intent that is implemented through a procedure. They provide rational means for govts to make consistent and transparent decisions.
Growth Management
A system of studies, policies, programs, and regulations that guide the type, intensity, location, and timing of growth consistent with a Comp Plan.
Tools for Growth Management
large-lot zoning, urban growth boundaries/service areas, Adequate Public Facilities Ordinances (APFO), Impact fees, conservation use taxation, conservation easements, transferable development rights
Zoning Ordinance
- zoning map; 2. zoning districts (uses, densities, lot dimensions, setbacks, open space requirements, lot coverage, impervious surfaces, building heights, minimum house sizes); 3. standards for special use; 4. buffers; 5. parking; 6. sign control; 7. design guidelines; 8. Administrative procedures
Future Land Use Plan
Component of the Comp Plan that illustrates the desired form of the community and outlines policies for guiding the relationship between land use change, environmental features, and public improvements
Zoning and Land Development Regulations
regulatory tools for implementing the form and policies of the Future Land Use Plan. Addresses the standards of use, intensity, and design at the site level for lots, buildings, landscaping, signage, parking, streets, drainage, and the environment
Development (Subdivision) Regulations Role
- lot design standards; 2. public improvement standards; 3. environmental standards; 4. standards for plan review, permits, and inspection; 5. administrative procedure
Board of Appeals
Appointed by city council or BOC; Quasi-judicial body; Conducts public hearings and fact findings for Appeals or Administrative decisions, variances and hardships, and special exceptions
Euclidean Zoning
Traditional zoning but with use-separated districts; emphasizes use separation, encourages auto-oriented development, no ped oriented, does not allow mixed uses, forces homogeneous development, inflexible, weak teals for quality of design
Planned Unit Development
A planned unit development (PUD) is a type of building development and also a regulatory process. As a building development, it is a designed grouping of both varied and compatible land uses, such as housing, recreation, commercial centers, and industrial parks, all within one contained development or subdivision.
Performance-based land use controls
Performance standards and regulatory systems based on performance standards have been used by communities concerned with improving the quality of development, linking implementing mechanisms more directly to comprehensive plan goals, and creating an objective system for ranking community objectives and evaluating proposed projects.
Overlay Zoning Districts
Overlay zoningis a regulatory tool that creates a special zoningdistrict, placed over an existing base zone(s), which identifies special provisions in addition to those in the underlying base zone. (see Figure 1). Theoverlaydistrict can share common boundaries with the base zone or cut across base zone boundaries. Often used to create Historical Districts
Form-Based Coding
Aform-based codeis a land development regulation that fosters predictable built results and a high-quality public realm by using physicalform(rather than separation of uses) as the organizing principle for the code. Aform-based codeis a regulation, not a mere guideline, adopted into city, town, or county law.
Educational Campus Planning
- System-Level Master Planning (enrollment forecasts, demographic and economic trends, funding, functional staff roles, land planning); 2. Campus Master Planning (residential planning, on and off campus housing, commuting facilities); 3. Issues (traffic, parking, wayfinding, walkability, ped facilities, athletic facilities, historic considerations, relationship with community, adaptability of facilities)
Corporate Campus Planning
- Planning Considerations (corporate mission and philosophy functional role of campus, corporate offices, research and training, productions and assembly, distribution, visitor center, on-campus amenities); 2. Issues (space for expansion, traffic, parking, wayfinding, adaptability of land and facilities, relationship with community, competitiveness, design)
Military Facilities Planning
- Mission-Centered Installations (safety); 2. Land-Extensive Functions (admin, training, research, weapons and equipment manufacturing and testing, naval and air installations, storage; 3. Full Scale Communities (housing, rec, commercial, medical, educational areas); 4. Issues (functionality, safety, security, traffic, walkability, quality of life (families), land conservation, relationship with community, long range planning)
Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC)
A process by aUnited States federal governmentcommissionto increaseUnited States Department of Defenseefficiency by planning the end of theCold Warrealignment and closure ofmilitary installations. More than 350 installations have been closed in five BRAC rounds: 1988, 1991, 1993, 1995, and 2005. Worked on improving relationships with communities by repurposing the land and they are given assistance when the base closes.
Joint Land Use Studies (JLUS)
A Joint Land Use Study (JLUS) is a cooperative planning effort conducted as a joint venture between an active military installation, surrounding jurisdictions, state and federal agencies, and other affected stakeholders to address compatibility around military installations. The goal of a JLUS is to reduce potential conflicts between military installations and surrounding areas while accommodating new growth and economic development, sustaining economic vitality, protecting public health and safety, and protecting the operational missions
Air Installation Compatible Use Zones (AICUZ)
an active local command effort to work with local, state, regional and other federal agencies, and community leaders to encourage compatible development of land adjacent to military airfields. One purpose of an AICUZ program is to protect the health, safety and welfare of civilians and military personnel by encouraging land which is compatible with aircraft operations. The AICUZ program also recommends land uses that are compatible with elevated sound level, accident potential zones and obstruction clearance criteria associated with military air field operations.
Urban Design
A middle range between city planning and architecture in scope and scale. Focuses on visual experience of inhabitants of cities - the harmonious massing and organization of buildings and exterior spaces between them in both the public and private realm.
Criteria for Good Urban Design
- sense of place (unity); 2. easy orientation of users; 3. compatibility of land uses; 4. walkability; 5. protection from weather; 6: “people places” to rest, observe, and meet; 7. sense of security (CPTED - crime prevention through urban design)
Public Realm
Belongs to everyone. It comprises the streets, squares, parks, green spaces and other outdoor places that require no key to access them and are available, without charge for everyone to use.
Private Realm
Private spaces - not all can access. Suitability of the land and the conditions site; spatial program of site (building size and function, adequacy of utilities, parking requirements)
Man and Nature (1864)
written by American polymath scholar and diplomatGeorge Perkins Marsh.Marsh intended it to show that “whereas [others] think the earth made man, man in fact made the earth”.As a result, he warned that man could destroy himself and the Earth if we don’t restore and sustainglobal resourcesand raise awareness about our actions. It is one of the first works to document the effects of human action on theenvironmentand it helped to launch the modernconservation movement.
Silent Spring (1960s)
Written by Rachel Carson; documented the adverse effects on the environment of the indiscriminate use of pesticides.
Earth Day
First earth day was 1970
Watershed
It’s a land area thatchannels rainfall and snowmeltto creeks, streams, and rivers, and eventually tooutflow pointssuch as reservoirs, bays, and the ocean.
Wetlands
Areas where water covers the soil, or is present either at or near the surface of the soil all year or for varying periods of time during the year, including during the growing season.Water saturation (hydrology) largely determines how the soil develops and the types of plant and animal communities living in and on the soil.
Lotic
(of organisms or habitats) inhabiting or situated in rapidly moving fresh water (streams and rivers)
Lentic
(of organisms or habitats) inhabiting or situated in still, fresh water (ponds and lakes)
Aquifers
an underground layer ofwater-bearingpermeable rock, rock fractures or unconsolidated materials (gravel,sand, orsilt).Groundwatercan be extracted using awater well. The study of water flow in aquifers and the characterization of aquifers is calledhydrogeology. Related terms includeaquitard, which is a bed of low permeability along an aquifer, andaquiclude(oraquifuge), which is a solid, impermeable area underlying or overlying an aquifer. If the impermeable area overlies the aquifer, pressure could cause it to become a confined aquifer.
Estuaries
the tidal mouth of a large river, where the tide meets the stream.
Marine Systems
Relating to asystemof open-ocean and unprotected coastal habitats, characterized by exposure to wave action, tidal fluctuation, and ocean currents and by the absence of trees, shrubs, or emergent vegetation. Water in themarine systemis at or near the full salinity of seawater.
PDRs
Purchase of Development Rights - provide a way to financially compensate willing landowners for not developing their land. When buying development rights, the community obtains a legal easement, sometimes referred to as a conservation easement, that (usually) permanently restricts development on the land. The landowner, however, still owns the land and can use or sell it for purposes specified in the easement, such as farming, timber production, or hunting.
TDRs
Transfer of Development Rights - a zoning technique used to permanently protect farmland and other natural and cultural resources by redirecting development that would otherwise occur on these resource lands to areas planned to accommodate growth and development. Allows landowners in areas typically zoned for agricultural and very low density residential use to capture some of the same financial rewards available to landowners located in areas zoned for suburban and urban land uses.
George Perkins Marsh
an Americandiplomatandphilologist, is considered by some to be America’s first environmentalist and by recognizing the irreversible impact of man’s actions on the earth, a precursor to the sustainability concept, although “conservationist” would be more accurate. TheMarsh-Billings-Rockefeller National Historical Parkin Vermont takes its name, in part, from Marsh. His 1864 bookMan and Naturehad a great impact in many parts of the world.
Yellowstone National Park
World’s first national park, located in Wyoming. Established 1872
