Span 679R

Question 0

Describe Behavoirism

Answer 0

Skinner
Classical conditioning. Reinforcement reward in language learning. Parent rewards correct utterances by child. Incorrect utterances not rewarded

Evidence for: Pavlov’s dog and pigeon ping pong

Evidence against:

1. kids don’t repeat exactly what adults say
2. Kids apply rules that aren’t taught

Question 1

What’s the difference between controlled and automatic processing in language learning?

Answer 1

controlled processing: when you are actively thinking about what you are trying to say.

automatice processing: when you don’t have to think about it before we produce it.

Question 2

Innatism

Answer 2

Chomsky

Kids, and adults hear language. Computer in the box decodes it. Computer creates rules and set parameters. Computer can create unlimited amount of language. Competence vs Performance

Evidence for: creoles (spontaneous language, brain damage to certain parts of brain creates language problems, feral children, aphasia

Evidence against: TV isn’t sufficient for language learning. Language must be directed at child.

Question 3

Describe Cognitive Theory

Answer 3

Piaget

If you can’t think about it, you can’t say it

Evidence for: object permance (out of sight, out of mind) Seriation

Evidence against: Hard to connect language learning with intellectual development after 18 months.

Question 4

Describe CAH (Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis)

Answer 4

learning an L2 starts off with the habits formed in the L1 and these habits would interfere with the new ones needed for the L2
where there are similarities between the L1 and L2=easy, differences=difficult

Criticisms of CAH:
German and English: are similar, but German is still more difficult to learn for us
L2 learners don’t always make the errors predicted by CAH
Many errors are not predictable on the basis of L1
some errors are similar for learners from a variety of language backgrounds
Not just a transfer of habits but:
identifying points of similarity

Question 5

Describe Usage Acquisition

Answer 5

Nick Ellis

Rules are structural regularities (what utterances are the most freqeuently produced)
We produce the most probable utterance based on the frequency of other utterances we have already heard.
You can predict what language people will know based on what is found in the corpi
Frequency is a huge determinant of acquisition
Difference from Chomsky
Based on what you hear and not what’s already a part of your brain
BUT they still agree that INPUT IS IMPORTANT

Question 6

How are parents of bilingual children making their decisions about family language culture?

Answer 6

public discourse
family and friends
personal experience

Question 7

What is a learning style?

Answer 7

a general approach a learner uses to learn

Question 8

What is a learning strategy?

Answer 8

Specific actions, behaviors, steps or
techniques-such as seeking out conversation
partners, or giving oneself encouragement to
tackle a difficult language task-used by
students to enhance their own learning.

Question 9

What are the 5 categories of learning strategies presented by Rebecca Oxford?

Answer 9

1. Cognitive
2. Metacognitive
3. Memory-related
4. Compensatory
5. Affective
6. Social

Question 10

What is the difference between integrative and instrumental motivation?

Answer 10

Integrative: “…positive attitude toward the foreign culture and a desire to participate as a member of it…”

Instrumental: “…goal of acquiring language in order to use it for a specific purpose…”

Question 11

What is interlanguage?

Answer 11

the system that an L2 learner has in their mind that explains L2,not the same as the system that a native speaker has but is rule governed

Question 12

What is the difference between acquisition and learning?

Answer 12

Acquisition: spontaneous learning
Learning: conscious process

Question 13

Describe the Interaction and Input Theories

Answer 13

Child Directed Speech is necessary for L1 acquisition instead LAD

Evidence for: language directed at children seems to affect acquisition

Evidence against: some culture don’t use caregiver talk. Children pass through same stages across cultures

Question 14

Describe the output hypothesis

Answer 14

Swain

Input is necessary but insufficient. Learners need to produce output.

Evidence for: learners can solve problems collaboratively. Hearing native speakers helps. Automaticity

Evidence against: sometimes learners come up with the wrong solution

Question 15

What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?

Answer 15

intrinsic (comes from within) vs. extrinsic (comes from outside)

Question 16

Describe Dornyei’s process model of motivation

Answer 16

shift from individual to the dynamics of the classroom

Question 17

What does the TARGET acronym for motivating teaching stand for?

Answer 17

a. Tasks: tasks affect motivation
b. Autonomy: amount of autonomy affects motivation
c. Recognition: amount and nature of recognition affects motivation
d. Grouping: grouping procedures affect motivation
e. Evaluation: forms of evaluation in the classroom affect motivation
f. Time: How teachers schedule time affects motivation

Question 18

Describe Nel Noddings’ concept of caring in the classroom

Answer 18

Claims that academic institutions should address both domains, both intellectual and emotional.
Basic realities of a human being is to care and to be cared for
“As teacher I am first, one-caring”
Although “the time interval may be brief, the encounter is total”
Takes students where their at, and support them through their learning.

Question 19

What are the factors that should be used when determining how study abroad programs differ from one another?

Answer 19

1. Length of student sojourn
2. Entry target-language competence
3. Language used in course work
4. Context of academic work
5. Type of student housing
6. Provisions for guided/structured cultural interaction and experiential learning
7. Guided reflection on cultural experience

Question 20

According to Isabelli, what are the three states of ethnocentrism and three states of ethnorelativism?

Answer 20

1. Denial of cultural differences
2. Recognizes differences and takes a superiority mentality
3. Minimizes differences
4. Acknowledges differences by adapting
5. Adapts to host culture and pluralism and understanding develops
6. Accepts differences and they become essential to identity

Question 21

What are some general characteristics of service learning?

Answer 21

1. Has an academic purpose
   tied to the curriculum
2. students are asked to reflect.
3. Fosters a fulfillment of a course outcome.
4. Reciprocity: service and learning should be worth the time and learning for both the community and the students

Question 22

What are some of the types of Language for Specific classes?

Answer 22

Generic: general vocabulary
Regional needs
Commercially driven
Specialized themes (literature, culture, economics, etc.)
Mixed-hybrid; combines elements of all

Question 23

What are some components of gamification?

Answer 23

Motivation and flow
Clearly defined and spaced goals
Game skills and game mechanics
Content
Story and narrative
Multimodality
Agency
Course integration and scaffolding

Question 24

What are some of the up and coming technologies that the Horizons report 2013 mentions?

Answer 24

MOOCs
Tablet Computing
Gamification
Learning Analytics
3D printing
Wearable technology