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GCSE Edexcel Separate Physics > SP3 Conservation of Energy > Flashcards

SP3 Conservation of Energy Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the different ways energy is stored in?

A
  • chemical
  • kinetic
  • thermal
  • elastic potential
  • gravitational potential
  • nuclear
  • magnetic
  • electrostatic
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2
Q

Define chemical energy

A

Energy between bonds

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3
Q

Define kinetic energy

A

Energy stored in moving objects

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4
Q

Define thermal energy

A

Energy stored in hot objects

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5
Q

Define elastic potential energy

A

Stored in stretched, squashed or twisted materials

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6
Q

Define gravitational potential energy

A

Energy stored in high positions of objects within a gravitational field

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7
Q

Define nuclear energy

A

Energy stored within atoms

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8
Q

Define magnetic energy

A

Energy stored within a magnetic field

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9
Q

Define electrostatic energy

A

Energy between two charges

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10
Q

State the law of conservation of energy

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only stored and transferred. This means that all energy in a system has to go somewhere, it can’t be lost

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11
Q

What are the units for energy?

A

J (Joules)

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12
Q

Give an example of magnetic energy

A
  • magnets
  • compasses
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13
Q

Give an example of thermal energy

A
  • human bodies
  • hot coffees
  • stoves
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14
Q

Give an example of chemical energy

A
  • food
  • muscle cells
  • electrical cells
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15
Q

Give an example of kinetic energy

A
  • runners
  • buses
  • comets
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16
Q

Give an example of nuclear energy

A
  • uranium nuclear power
  • nuclear reactor
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17
Q

Give an example of electrostatic energy

A

Thunderclouds

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18
Q

Give an example of elastic potential energy

A
  • springs
  • inflated balloons
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19
Q

Give an example of gravitational potential energy

A
  • planes
  • kites
  • mugs on a table
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20
Q

What are Sankey diagrams?

A
  • Used to show the amount of energy transferred
  • width of the arrow represents the amount of energy in joules
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21
Q

How can energy be transferred?

A
  • mechanical work
  • electrical work
  • heating
  • radiation
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22
Q

Define mechanical work

A

A force moving an object through distance

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23
Q

Define electrical work

A

Charges moving due to a potential difference

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24
Q

Define heating as a method of energy transfer

A

Due to temperature difference caused electrically or by chemical reaction

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25
Q

Define radiation as a method of energy transfer

A

Energy transferred as a wave

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26
Q

What are the two different types of radiation?

A
  • conduction
  • convection
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27
Q

Why does conduction occur?

A

Vibration of particles due to heating. This vibration moves along the material, thereby moving the heat energy

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28
Q

In what materials does conduction take place?

A

Solids: mainly in metals

29
Q

When does convection occur?

A

When part of a fluid is warmer than the rest and rises

30
Q

Describe a convection current

A

Warm air rises and cold air sinks, so warm air is at the top and cold air is at the bottom

31
Q

In what materials does convection occur?

A

Liquids and Gases

32
Q

What is a conductor?

A

A material in which heat and electricity can pass through easily

33
Q

What is an insulator?

A

A material in which heat and electricity cannot pass through easily

34
Q

Define thermal conductivity

A

A measure of how quickly energy can be transferred via conduction through a metal

35
Q

What is the rate of energy transfer reduced by?

A
  • increasing thickness
  • decreasing thermal conductivity
  • decreasing temperature difference
36
Q

What is efficiency?

A

A way of describing how good a machine is at transferring useful energy, in comparison to its input

37
Q

What is the formula for efficiency?

A

useful energy/total energy

38
Q

How can mechanical devices be made more efficient?

A

Lubricant to reduce friction between its moving parts

39
Q

What is the formula for gravitational potential energy?

A

m x g x change in h

40
Q

What is the formula for kinetic energy?

A

1/2 x m x v^2

41
Q

Define non-renewable resource

A

Resources that are not replenished; they will run out someday

42
Q

Give some examples of non-renewable resources

A
  • coal
  • oil
  • natural gas
  • nuclear fuels
43
Q

What are the advantages of coal?

A
  • can be used for old-fashioned trains
  • burnt in fireplaces and barbecues
44
Q

What are the advantages of oil?

A
  • petrol and diesel are fossil fuels made from oil
  • store a lot of energy
  • easy to store and use in energies
45
Q

What are the advantages of natural gas?

A
  • causes less pollution than burning coal
  • emits less CO2 than other fossil fuel powered stations while producing the same amount of energy
46
Q

What are the advantages of nuclear fuel?

A
  • stores a lot of energy in small amounts
  • useful for spacecraft where the mass of the fuel is important
  • reliable as it meets current demand
  • relatively cheap
  • clean: doesn’t release any greenhouse gases/ harmful chemicals into the atmosphere
47
Q

What are the disadvantages of coal?

A
  • carbon dioxide is produced
  • expensive
  • contributes to climate change
48
Q

What are the disadvantages of oil?

A
  • harmful energy produced that contributes to global warming
  • will run out one day
  • releases sulfur impurities which causes acid rain
49
Q

What are the disadvantages of natural gas?

A
  • harmful gases produced
50
Q

What are the disadvantages of nuclear fuel?

A
  • highly radioactive waste produced which is difficult to get rid off
  • overall cost of nuclear fuel is high
51
Q

Define renewable resource

A

A resource that will be replenished; it will never run out

52
Q

Give some examples of renewable resources

A
  • geothermal
  • water waves
  • solar cells
  • hydroelectricity
  • wind
  • tidal
  • biofuels
53
Q

What are some advantages of solar energy?

A
  • can convert solar energy directly into electrical energy
  • can be used anywhere
  • no pollution
  • free energy
  • low running costs
  • doesn’t produce co2
54
Q

What are some advantages of hydroelectricity?

A
  • available at any time as long as reservoirs don’t dry up
  • can be started and stopped quickly unlike fossil fuel power stations
  • can produce large amounts of energy and provide an immediate response for demand
55
Q

What are some advantages of wind turbines?

A
  • produces no co2
  • efficient as it produces electricity 70-85% of the time
56
Q

What are some advantages of tidal power?

A
  • no fuel costs and minimal running costs
  • reliable: happens twice a day without fault
  • significant amount of energy generated
57
Q

What are some advantages of geothermal power?

A
  • heats buildings directly without the need to generate electricity
  • reliable free energy
58
Q

What are some advantages of biofuels?

A
  • overall process is carbon neutral
  • fairly reliable: short time to grow crops + crops can grow all year round
  • can be made from waste food
59
Q

What are some advantages of wave power?

A
  • fairly useful to generate electricity on a small scale
  • no fuel costs
  • minimal running costs
60
Q

What are some disadvantages of wave power?

A
  • many required to produce sufficient energy: spoils the view
  • unreliable: depends on wave motion
  • initial costs high
  • structures can disturb habitats and are hazardous to boats
61
Q

What are some disadvantages of biofuels?

A
  • extra energy is needed to grow the crops or feed the animals
  • competition for space and water with crops that are grown for food
62
Q

What are some disadvantages of geothermal energy?

A
  • difficult to find suitable location
  • cost of building is high
63
Q

What are some disadvantages of tidal power?

A
  • structure spoils view
  • not many places suitable for barrages
  • disturbs habitats
  • prevents free access by boats
  • high initial manufacturing costs
64
Q

What are some disadvantages of wind turbines?

A
  • can be noisy
  • large number needed to produce sufficient energy
  • ruins scenery
65
Q

What are some disadvantages of hydroelectricity?

A
  • a possibility of flooding the valley, leading to rotting vegetation
  • needs a constant supply of falling water
  • loss of habitats
  • inconvenient: some villages evacuated to build
66
Q

What are some disadvantages of solar energy?

A
  • not available all the time
  • initial costs high
  • solar power only works when the sun is out in the daytime
  • can require a lot of space
  • only powers some homes
67
Q

How can efficiency be increased?

A
  • reducing waste output
  • recycling waste output
68
Q

How is heat loss prevented in buildings?

A
  • thicker walls mean greater thermal insulation: less heat loss
  • air cavities between walls causes lots of heat loss through convection, which is solved through a cavity wall
69
Q

How can we reduce wasted energy?

A
  • lubricate systems: less friction and heat created
  • thermal insulation: less heat lost

GCSE Edexcel Separate Physics (18 decks)

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