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GCSE Edexcel Separate Physics > SP2: Forces and Motion > Flashcards

SP2: Forces and Motion Flashcards

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1
Q

How do you calculate the resultant force?

A
  • If the two forces are in the same direction, you add them and state their direction
  • if the two forces are in opposite directions, subtract the smaller force from the bigger one and state the direction of the bigger one
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2
Q

When are the forces on an object balanced?

A

When the resultant force is 0

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3
Q

What is Newton’s first law?

A

An object remains in the same state of motion unless acted upon by a resultant force

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4
Q

What does it mean if the resultant force on an object is 0?

A
  • stationary objects remain stationary
  • a moving object continues to move at the same velocity
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5
Q

What is Newton’s Second Law?

A

Force = mass x acceleration

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6
Q

What does Newton’s Second Law show?

A

It shows the acceleration of an object is:
- proportional to the resultant force of the object
- inversely proportional to the mass of the object

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7
Q

What is inertial mass?

A

How difficult it is to change the velocity of the object. It is defined as the ratio of force over acceleration

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8
Q

Define mass

A

The quantity of matter in an object

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9
Q

What is used to measure force?

A

A forcemeter

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10
Q

What are the units of force?

A

Newtons

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11
Q

What is weight

A

The measure of the pull of gravity

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12
Q

How do we calculate weight?

A

mass x gravitational field strength

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13
Q

What is the unit for gravitational field strength on Earth?

A

N/kg

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14
Q

What is the quantity of gravitational field strength on Earth?

A

9.8 N/kg

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15
Q

What does the acceleration of the resultant force depend on?

A
  • the size of the force (for the same mass, the bigger the force, the larger the acceleration)
  • the mass of the object ( for the same force, the more massive the object, the smaller the acceleration)
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16
Q

What is Newton’s third law?

A

Whenever two objects interact, they exert an equal and opposite force onto each other

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17
Q

What do the forces have to do for Newton’s third law to prove true?

A
  • act on two different types of objects
  • are the same type of force (eg contact force)
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18
Q

What are action-reaction forces?

A

A pair of forces that:
- act on two different bodies
- forces exerted are of equal size
- act in opposite directions
- same size
- the same type of force (contact/ non contact)
- Act in the same line of action

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19
Q

What is the equation to measure inertial mass?

A

force/ acceleration

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20
Q

Define normal contact forces

A

The force that surfaces exert to prevent solids from passing through each other. This only happens on contact

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21
Q

Define momentum

A

The tendency of an object to keep moving, or how hard it is for it to stop moving

22
Q

What are the two factors momentum is dependant on?

A

mass and velocity

23
Q

What is the equation for momentum?

A

mass x velocity

24
Q

What are the units for momentum?

A

kg m/s

25
Q

What is the conservation of momentum?

A

The total momentum before a collision is the same as the total momentum after the collision

26
Q

When is the conservation of momentum possible?

A

In a closed system

27
Q

How is momentum conserved?

A

In collisions and explosions

28
Q

Using Newton’s third law, describe the collision of two marbles and the effect they will have on each other

A
  • two marbles will collide
  • the force exerted by marble a onto marble b will be the same as that exerted by marble b onto marble a
29
Q

How can we combine Newton’s second law with momentum?

A

force = (change in momentum)/ time

30
Q

Define stopping distances

A

Sum of breaking and thinking distance

31
Q

Define breaking distance

A

Distance the driver travels when the breaks have been applied

32
Q

Define thinking distance

A

Distance driver travels when acknowledging the situation

33
Q

What is a reaction time?

A

Time between a person detecting a stimulus and their reaction

34
Q

What factors affect reaction times?

A
  • distractions
  • fatigue
  • illness
  • consumption of drugs or alcohol
35
Q

How can we measure someone’s reaction time?

A

Using the ruler drop test

36
Q

Describe the ruler drop test

A

Dropping a ruler between someone’s thumb and forefinger, with the 0 cm facing downwards. The higher the reaction time needed to grasp the falling ruler, the further the ruler falls before being stopped.

37
Q

Give some examples of factors affecting thinking distance

A
  • speed of car
  • tiredness
  • drugs and alcohol
  • medication
38
Q

What can increase the braking distance of a car?

A
  • poor road and weather conditions
  • poor vehicle conditions, eg: worn tires or brakes, which reduces the friction between the tire and brake
  • more mass in the vehicle, the brakes have to travel a large distance to remove the large kinetic energy
39
Q

Define work done

A

The amount of energy it takes to do a task

40
Q

What are the units for work done?

A

Joules (j)

41
Q

How are speed and braking distance related?

A

The greater the speed, the greater the braking distance

42
Q

What is the danger of a large deceleration?

A

The force can cause injury

43
Q

Describe a large deceleration during a crash in terms of momentum

A
  • Before the crash, you have a large momentum, due to a large velocity
  • After you crash, you are stagnant and therefore have no momentum
  • so a greater force is felt
44
Q

What is the equation for work done?

A

force x distance

45
Q

What safety features are present in cars to reduce the effects of a large force during a crash?

A
  • seat belts
  • traction control
  • anti-block brakes
  • crumple zones
  • electric windows
  • safety cage
  • paddle shift controls
  • air bags
46
Q

What are active safety features?

A

These actively occur at a car crash, such as seatbelts, air bags and crumple zones

47
Q

How do active safety features work?

A

They change shape during the crash to absorb all the energy. This:
- reduces injuries
- reduces the rate of change of momentum
- force exerted from the driver decreases

48
Q

What is work done in a vehicle related to?

A

The initial kinetic energy of the vehicle

49
Q

What is the average mass of a car?

A

1500kg

50
Q

Define large deceleration

A

Slowing down or a negative acceleration

51
Q

What are the effects of a large deceleration?

A
  • cause the brakes to overheat
  • driver may lose control of the brakes

GCSE Edexcel Separate Physics (18 decks)

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