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GCSE Edexcel Separate Physics > SP14 Particle Model > Flashcards

SP14 Particle Model Flashcards

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1
Q

Define density

A

The mass per unit of volume

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2
Q

How do we calculate density?

A

mass/volume

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3
Q

What are the units for density?

A

g/cm^3 or kg/m3

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4
Q

What are the three states of matter?

A

Solids, liquids and gas

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5
Q

Why do solids and liquids have similar densities?

A

The space between the particles don’t change significantly

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6
Q

Describe the following for solids:
a) intermolecular force
b) arrangment
c) movement of particles
d) shape and volume
e) compressibility

A

a) very strong
b) close together, regular pattern
c) vibrate around a fixed point in space
d) fixed for both
e) not compressible

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7
Q

Describe the following for liquids:
a) intermolecular force
b) arrangment
c) movement of particles
d) shape and volume
e) compressibility

A

a) moderately strong
b) close together, randomly arranged
c) move around each other
d) takes shape of the container, fixed
e) almost negligible

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8
Q

Describe the following for gas:
a) intermolecular force
b) arrangment
c) movement of particles
d) shape and volume
e) compressibility

A

a) negligible
b) far apart, random arrangement
c) move quickly, in a straight line, in random directions until they collide: causing them to change directions
d) takes shape of container, expands to fill container
e) highly compressible

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9
Q

Why are gases compressible?

A
  • large gaps between the particles
  • makes it easier to push them as compared to solids and liquids
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10
Q

What doesn’t change during a change of state?

A
  • mass
  • number of molecules in the substance
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11
Q

What does change during a change of state?

A
  • the state of matter of the substance
  • the energy that the substance has
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12
Q

What happens when you heat up a system?

A
  • the amount of kinetic energy that the particles have increases
  • particles vibrate more
  • temperature of the system increases / substance changes state
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13
Q

What are the two types of energy that molecules within a substance possess?

A
  • kinetic energy
  • potential energy
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14
Q

Define internal energy

A

The total energy stored inside a system due to their motions and position

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15
Q

What happens when a substance changes state?

A
  • potential energy of molecules increases, breaking bonds between them and becoming further apart
  • kinetic energy remains the same, which means that temperature remains the same, despite the substance continuing to be heated
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16
Q

Define specific heat capacity

A

The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1kg of a substance by 1degree celsius

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17
Q

What does the increase of temperature of a system depend on?

A
  • mass
  • type of material
  • energy input into the system
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18
Q

What is a low heat capacity?

A

A substance that takes less energy to change its state: it heats up and cools down fast

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19
Q

What is a high heat capacity?

A

A substance that takes more energy to change its state: will heat up and cool down slowly

20
Q

Define specific latent energy

A

The amount of energy that it takes to make 1 kg of a substance to change its state without a change in temperature

21
Q

What are the two types of specific latent heat?

A
  • fusion
  • vapourisation
22
Q

What are the units of specific latent heat?

A

joules per kilogram J/kg

23
Q

Define specific latent heat of fusion

A

The thermal energy used to convert 1kg of solid into a liquid with no change in temperature

24
Q

Define specific latent heat for vaporisation

A

The thermal energy required to convert 1kg of liquid to gas with no change in temperature

25
Q

How do we calculate specific latent heat?

A

energy/mass = specific latent heat

26
Q

What is the difference between specific latent heat and specific heat capacity?

A
  • specific heat capacity = change in temperature in the same state
  • specific latent heat = change in state, not in temperature
27
Q

Name an equation involving specific heat capacity

A

change in thermal energy = mass x specific heat capacity x change in temperature

28
Q

What is insulation used for?

A

To slow down the rate at which heat transfers from an object to its surroundings

29
Q

How do we reduce conduction and convection?

A

Use thermal insulators

30
Q

How do we reduce radiation?

A

Using shiny and reflective coatings to reflect IR radiation back into the system

31
Q

Define pressure

A

Force exerted per unit area

32
Q

What is the unit used to measure pressure?

A

Pascals (Pa)

33
Q

Pressure produces a force to…

A

right angles of a surface

34
Q

How is pressure of a gas caused?

A

Pressure is caused due to the force on the walls of a container caused by moving particles hitting a wall

35
Q

Describe the relationship of the temperature and the pressure of a gas

A
  • higher the temperature of the gas = the more energy the molecules have
  • collisions happen more often
  • and happen with greater impact
  • which increases the pressure
36
Q

Define absolute zero

A

Particles at this temperature have no kinetic energy at all, so they remain perfectly still and don’t vibrate at all

37
Q

What is the temperature of absolute zero?

A

-273 degrees celsius, or 0 kelvin

38
Q

How do we convert between celsius to kelvin?

A

add 273

39
Q

How do we convert from kelvin to degrees celsius?

A

subtract 273

40
Q

What happens to the volume when a gas is compressed?

A

It decreases

41
Q

What happens to the volume when the gas is expanded?

A

It increases

42
Q

What is the equation involving pressure and volume?

A

P1 X V1 = P2 X V2

43
Q

What is work done?

A

The transfer of energy through a force

44
Q

How is work done on a gas?

A
  • through compression
  • force used to push a piston by a certain distance
  • which decreases the volume of gas
  • causing the molecules to move faster = more kinetic energy = increase in temperature
45
Q

How does a gas do work?

A
  • when a gas expands
  • it loses energy
  • resulting in a decrease of temperature

GCSE Edexcel Separate Physics (18 decks)

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