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Social and Organisational Psychology 1 > SP Attitudes and attitude change summary > Flashcards

SP Attitudes and attitude change summary Flashcards

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1
Q

What is meant by an attitude?

A

A mental representation that summarizes an individual’s evaluation of a particular person, group, thing, action or idea.

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2
Q

What is meant by attitude change?

A

The process by which attitudes form and change by the association of positive or negative information with the attitude object

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3
Q

What is meant by persuasion?

A

Persuasion is the deliberate attempt to bring about attitude change by communication.

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4
Q

How may attitudes be inferred?

A

By checking how people react to attitude objects.

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5
Q

What factors are important in inferring attitudes?

A

Attitude direction (e.g: negative, positive) and attitude intensity are important.

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6
Q

Name a problem with self-report on attitudes

A

Other alternatives can influence the answer

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7
Q

What are the four functions of attitudes?

A 
Knowledge function (mastery); help us organise, summarise and simply experience
Instrumental function (mastery);  guide our approach to positive objects and avoidance of negative objects.
Social identity function (connectedness); Attitudes help us express important self and group identities.
Impression management function (connectedness); Attitudes help us smoothing interactions and relationships.
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8
Q

How do people form an attitude?

A

associating cognitive, affective and behavioural information linked with or related to the object.

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9
Q

What is meant by cognitive, affective and behavioural information?

A

facts; emotions; behaviour

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10
Q

What else can influence attitude formation?

A

Genetic predisposition

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11
Q

What factors can influence the weight of information when forming an attitude?

A

Personal value, negative info weighs more, more accessible information or salient weighs more

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12
Q

What influences the intensity of an attitude?

A

The amount of information available

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13
Q

Differ between a strong and ambivalent attitude

A

A strong attitude is a confidently-held extremely positive or negative attitude that is persistent and resistant and influences information processing and behaviour. An ambivalent attitude is an attitude based on conflicting negative and positive information.

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14
Q

What do more easily accessible attitudes generally have in common?

A

more extreme

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15
Q

How may attitudes be changed through superficial processing?

A

encountering different associations

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16
Q

What is meant by a persuasion heuristic

A

A cue that can make people like or dislike an attitude object without thinking about it in any depth.

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17
Q

What is meant by taking a ‘peripheral route’?

A

Forming attitudes based on persuasion heuristics

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18
Q

What is meant by evaluative conditioning?

A

The process of forming attitudes or changing attitudes using associations with other negative or positive objects.

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19
Q

Name four heuristics people use when superficially processing information in order to either adjust or form attitudes

A

Familiarity, attractiveness (appearance and likableness), expertise, message length

20
Q

What effect is associated with the familiarity heuristic?

A

Mere exposure

21
Q

What can make the mere exposure effect stronger

A

Not knowing how many times they’ve been exposed to the stimulus

22
Q

What is the effect of people hearing something they’ve heard before isn’t true regarding this effect?

A

The thing they heard before becomes for familiar, Familiar stimuli can be more persuasive.

23
Q

How can the familiarity heuristic make arguments stronger?

A

Repeating them and using familiar idioms and sayings

24
Q

When are expertise heuristics more pronounced?

A

When people know little on the subject

25
Q

What are cues for competence in the expertise heuristic

A

Occupation and fast talking

26
Q

When may the expert heuristic not work?

A

When people suspect alterior motives (money)

27
Q

What can make experts appear more trustworthy?

A

When they mention or acknowledge counter arguments

28
Q

When does the message length heuristic less effective?

A

If a request is substantial enough to provoke more extensive processing.

29
Q

What is meant by the central route to persuasion?

A

Systematic processing involving paying increased attention to the strength and quality of information about the attitude object.

30
Q

What steps are involved in systematic processing influencing persuasion?

A

Attending and comprehending information (If a message is too difficult to understand, people usually rely on superficial processing.), Reacting to information , Accepting or rejecting the advocated position

31
Q

What is meant by the boomerang effect?

A

The boomerang effect refers to the effect of people moving in a direction opposite to the one intended when someone tries to persuade us with really bad arguments

32
Q

What qualities are associates with attitudes stemming from systematic processing?

A

Persistant and resistant

33
Q

What factors influence whether people process systematically or superficially?

A

Cognitive capacity and motivation

34
Q

What does the elaboration likelihood model state?

A

Attitude change occurs through either a superficial or a systematic route and that the extent of elaboration depends on motivation and capacity.

35
Q

What three types of motivation affect whether we process superficially or systematically?

A

Mastery- If people want to be accurate, they will make use of systematic processing. People with a high need for cognition naturally prefer to use systematic processing, regardless of the situation.
Connectedness- If people want to protect their image and want to be liked, they are more likely to use systematic processing, because information can further their goals. Whether they express their new attitude also depends on the social context.
Me and mine - the more a decision or attitude has self-relevance, the more likely a person is to use systematic processing.

36
Q

Under the me and mine motivation what two focuses may people have?

A

Promotion or prevention

37
Q

What obstacles are there to systematic processing?

A

The ability to process and concentrate

38
Q

What name is given to the inability to systematically process when drunk?

A

Alcohol myopia

39
Q

What happens as arousal increases from low to moderate levels in regards to processing?

A

Consideration of persuasive appeals increase from superficial to the optimal version of systematic processing

40
Q

What happens if arousal increases past moderate?

A

Then the necessary resources for systematic processing become less available.

41
Q

How can fear change health related habits?

A

If fear increases motivation without eliminating capacity

42
Q

What happens if systematic processing and heuristics indicate the same attitude? What if they’re at odds?

A

Can have additive effects; The impact of heuristics can reduce significantly when it is at odds with systematic processing.

43
Q

What three ways can be used to protect established information?

A

Ignoring, reinterpreting or resisting information

44
Q

What is the effect of one knowing their attitude their attitude is going to be attacked?

A

Resistance increases

45
Q

Name the most effective method of increasing resistance

A

Inoculation; Practice arguing against a persuasive appeal

46
Q

What does attitude resistance depend on?

A

Motivation and cognitive capacity

47
Q

How effective are subliminal cues?

A

They can be overcome by conscious processing, Subliminal effects on our attitudes and behaviour seem to occur only when they are consistent with consciously held goals.

Social and Organisational Psychology 1 (14 decks)

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