SP 2 Flashcards by Sarah Tidmus

What did the results of the sport orientation questionnaire show

-males scored higher on competitiveness and win orientation
-females scored higher on goal orientation
-athletes were more concerned about performance and less about outcome than non-athletes

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What are the three stages of achievement motivation for young children

Autonomous competence stage, social comparison stage, integrated stage

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What is the autonomous competence stage

child is concerned with mastering skills
children don’t compare with each other and is concerned about doing better than last time
they set their own goals

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What is the social comparison stage

from about 6 children start to compare themselves with others
like to progress if they enjoy competition and use the feedback gained
-they measure success using external standards

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What is the integrated stage

-no fixed age depends on maturity
-they measure success using using external and internal standards

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What is motivation

The will/desire to learn/achieve success/ drive

The internal mechanisms and external stimulus which arouse and direct our behaviour

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What are the two types of extrinsic motivation

Intangible and tangible

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Disadvantages of too much extrinsic motivation

-may damage intrinsic motivation
-become dependent on extrinsic motivation
-too much pressure can lead to cheating
-may lead to loss of motivation- failure to achieve extrinsic reward

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What are contingent rewards

Rewards are linked to improvement in performance or special achievements eg. Grading system in karate

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What are the main reasons for sport participation

Physical, emotional, social, psychological, well being, health

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What are strategies to maintain intrinsic and extrinsic motivation

-offering rewards and incentives
-pointing out role models
-setting goals and targets
-using positive feedback
-asking activities fun and enjoyable

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What does SMART stand for

Specific
Measurable
Agreed
Realistic
Time phased

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What is a goal

The identification of what the performer is trying to achieve at a specified time in the future

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What are the benefits of goal setting

-improve confidence
-improve motivation
-regulating and sustaining effort
-focus on weaker aspects of performance
-monitor performance
-able to compare with previous goals

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What are outcome goals

Goals conceded with the end resukt

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What are perfromance goals

Goals conceded with the behaviour/ comparison of a previous performance

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What are process orientated goals

Goals focused on how to become successful. Milestones that will improve overall performance

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What are the three goal lengths

Short term, medium and long term goals

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What is aggression

Any form of behaviour directed toward the goal of harming or injuring another living being who is motivated to avion such treatment

What are the three types of aggression

Hostile aggression, instrumental aggression and assertive behaviour

What is hostile aggression

Aggression that has the primary intention to harm another person, inflicted with anger

What is instrumental aggression

Aggressive behaviour that is likely to cause harm but intentional to achieve a different aim

What is assertive behaviour

Does not involve the intention to harm. Use of legitimate force within rules

What are the three theories of aggression

Instinct theories, social learning theory, frustration aggression theory, Cue arousal theory

What is instinct theory

Aggressiveness if innate and is a natural characteristic of humans. Competitive sports acts as a catharsis to release frustration

What is social learning theory for aggression

Aggression is learned by observing others and/or by social reinforcement

What is frustration aggression theory

Frustration leads to aggression- aggression stems from frustration. Frustration is caused by the blocking of a goal orientated behaviour which causes a drive to be aggressive towards the source of the frustration

What is Cue arousal theory (aggressive cue hypothesis )

Frustration leads to anger and a readiness for aggressive behaviour People are only aggressive if it is a learned response through social learning theory or certain stimuli are present

How does cue arousal theory explain why sports using objectc causes aggression

These objects are aggression related objects and act as cues for aggressive behaviour

name causes of aggression

Over arousal Type of sport Being provoked Temperature Low fitness levels Desire to win Hostile crowd Pressure

Name external methods to control aggression

-punish aggressive player -remove aggressive player -reward non aggressive acts -develop fitness levels -channel aggression into assertion -apply rules correctly and consistently

name internal methods to control aggression

-stress management techniques -walk away from aggressive situations -group responsibility- detrimental effects to the team -Change in attitude

What is social facilitation

The influence of the presence of others on performance

What is Zajonc,s model

Passive others and interactive other influence our behaviour

What are the four different types of audience

Passive audience Passive co actors Competitors Social reinforcers or supporters

What are co actors

People who are doing the same thing at the same time without competition

Is social facilitation positive

Yes

What is social inhibiton

The negative effect of the presence of others on performance

What type of learner will have social facilitation

Autonomous learners

What type of skill is likely to have social facilitation

Simple

What type of personality is likely to have social facilitation

Extroverts

How does drive theory link into social facilitation

In the presence of an audience arousal increases which leads to the likelihood of the dominant response occurring. For cognitive performers this is poor performance For autonomous performers this is good performance

How does the inverted u theory link into social facilitation

The presence of other increases arousal which can lead worsened performance if it is pushed passed OLA or it can increase performance if it is pushed towards OLA