SA

Question 1

Define skill

Answer 1

Skill is the learned ability to bring about predetermined results with maximum certainty often with the minimum outlay of time and energy or both

Question 2

Characteristics of skilled performance- ACE FACE

Answer 2

Aesthetically pleasing, consistent, efficient, fluent, accurate, controlled, economical

Question 3

Define ability

Answer 3

Contribute to skill, not learned, natural and innate

Question 4

Name the 6 skill classifications

Answer 4

Continuous-serial-discrete
Self paced-externally paced
Open-closed
Gross-fine
High-low
Simple-complex

Question 5

What is learning

Answer 5

The relatively permanent change in behaviour as a result of practice or experience

Question 6

What is a learning plateau

Answer 6

No definitely change in performance

Question 7

What causes learning plateaus

Answer 7

Lack of motivation, boredom, coaching may be incorrect, limit of ability, targets are set too low, fatigue

Question 8

Solutions of a learning plateau

Answer 8

A new coach, a rest, more variety added to tasks, a player could receive some feedback to help performance, a task could be extended

Question 9

What are the three stages of learning

Answer 9

Cognitive, associative, autonomous

Question 10

Describe the cognitive stage

Answer 10

-lots of thinking and trying to understand required
-extrinsic positive feedback is helpful
-lot of mistakes made
-visual, verbal and manual guidance important
-movements are often slow

Question 11

Describe the associative phase

Answer 11

-a long time normally in this phase
-it’s of practice needed
-feedback can become more intrinsic
-feedback should still be extrinsic and positive
-movements are smoother and more co-ordinated

Question 12

Describe the autonomous phase

Answer 12

-actions are fluent, efficient and automatically carried out
-performer can concentrate on fine details
-movement is detailed and specific
-Intrinsic is feedback is very important
-some extrinsic feeback can be negative

Question 13

What are the key feature of operant conditioning

Answer 13

Based on trial and error, shapes behaviour, manipulates the environment

Question 14

What is the aim of operant conditioning

Answer 14

To develop a relationship between a stimulus and a response

Question 15

What is positive reinforcement and what is the result of it

Answer 15

A pleasant stimulus is introduced after the correct response. Increases the probability of repeating behaviour and strengthens the SR bond

Question 16

What is negative reinforcement and what is the result of it

Answer 16

The withdrawal of an unpleasant stimulus after the correct response. Increases the probability of repeating behaviour and strengthens the SR bond

Question 17

What is punishment and what is the result of it

Answer 17

The addition of an unpleasant stimulus to prevent incorrect actions from happening again. Weakens the SR bond and can cause resentment and anger

Question 18

What does DARMMM stand for

Answer 18

Observation of demonstration, attention, retention, motor reproduction, motivation, matching performance

Question 19

What is social learning

Answer 19

We learn by observing others (significant others) and social reinforcement

Question 20

What is drive reduction theory

Answer 20

-individuals are motivated to achieve and solve problems
-when faced with a new skill individuals have drive to achieve effective and competent perfromance
-individuals practice in order to achieve success
-once skill has been mastered drive reduces
-reduction in drive is reinforcement to strengthen S-R bond
-habit reduces drive to continue, inhibition occurs
-new goals and targets must then be set to increase challenge

Question 21

What does a coach have to do for hull’s drive reduction theory

Answer 21

-supply a new challenge once a skill is well learned to motivate drive
-motivate the performer as the more a skill is practiced, the greater the player’s inhibition

Question 22

What is transfer of learning

Answer 22

This refers to the influence or effect that learning one task has on the learning of another

Question 23

What is positive transfer

Answer 23

The learning of one skill or actions helps the learning of another

Question 24

What is negative transfer

Answer 24

The learning of one skill r action hinders or inhibits the learning of another

Question 25

What is zero transfer

Answer 25

When the learning of one skill or action has no effect on the learning or performance of another

Question 26

What is Bilateral transfer

Answer 26

Learning is transferred from limb to limb

Question 27

What is proactive transfer

Answer 27

When a skill presently being learned has an effect on future skills or tasks-could be positive or negative

Question 28

What is retroactive transfer

Answer 28

When a skill presently being learned has an effect on previously learnt skills or tasks- could be positive or negative

Question 29

What are the four types for guidance

Answer 29

Manual Mechanical Visual Verbal

Question 30

Advantages and disadvantages of visual guidance

Answer 30

-useful in all stages of learning -demonstrations can be repeated -helps to form mental image -learner can see accurate performance -problems if not accurate image is available -not always possible

Question 31

Advantages and disadvantages of verbal guidance

Answer 31

-immediate -always possible -can be combined with visual -an enhance learning -some movements cannot be accurately explained -some verbal instructs are too long and complicated -beginners often have short attentions spans

Question 32

Advantages and disadvantages of manual and mechanical guidance

Answer 32

-helps individual develop kinaesthetic awareness -useful in early stages of learning -can be helpful in creating a safe environment -should not be overused -may give unrealistic feeling of the motion

Question 33

What are the four methods of practice

Answer 33

Whole, part, whole part whole, progressive part

Question 34

What is whole practice

Answer 34

Learner performs skill as a complete unit or whole action When the skill is continuous, high in organisation and simple

Question 35

What is part practice

Answer 35

A skill is broken down into its components that are then practised and learnt separately Used when skills is low in organisation and good for complex skills

Question 36

What is whole part whole practise

Answer 36

Where first the whole skill is attempted, then there are errors, those part of the skill are isolated to practice before attempting the whole skill again

Question 37

What is progressive part practice

Answer 37

When the parts are progressively built apon until the whole skill is performed Eg. Gymnastics routine

Question 38

What is fixed practise and when should you use it

Answer 38

Closed skills- practising the same skill without altering the environment

Question 39

What is variable practise and when should you use it

Answer 39

Open skills- practicing whilst varying different environments and experiences

Question 40

What is massed practise

Answer 40

The skill is repeated over an extended period of time

Question 41

What is distributed practise

Answer 41

The skill is interspersed with other training or rest- this could involve mental rehearsal or activities unrelated to the main practise activity

Question 42

What are the three explanations of mental practise and rehearsal

Answer 42

Cognitive, neuromuscular, confidence

Question 43

What is neuromuscular explanation- mental rehearsal

Answer 43

When performing mental rehearsal the muscular neurones fire as if the muscle is actually active- these contractions are very small

Question 44

What is confidence explanation- mental rehearsal

Answer 44

Mental rehearsal can improve the confidence of performers, as when performing mental rehearsal the performer concentrates on successful correct performance

Question 45

What is feedback

Answer 45

Feedback is the information that is available to the performer either during or after performance. It’s purpose is to alter and correct further performance

Question 46

What are the functions of feedback

Answer 46

Motivate Reinforce Inform

Question 47

What would effective feeback look like

Answer 47

- accurate - concise - immediate - easily understood - truthful

Question 48

What are the 8 types of feedback

Answer 48

Positives, negative intrinsic, extrinsic knowledge of results, knowledge of performance terminal, concurrent

Question 49

What is terminal feeback

Answer 49

Feedback given after the perfromance Some time= delayed Straight away= immediate

Question 50

What is concurrent feedback

Answer 50

Feedback given during the perfromance

Question 51

What are the key elements of an ability

Answer 51

-natural and innate -enduring -inherited

Question 52

Define psycho motor ability

Answer 52

Involved information processing and decision making. Perceptual motor abilities

Question 53

Define gross motor abilities

Answer 53

Innate characteristics that allow movements to occur like flexibility and balance

Question 54

name psychomotor abilities

Answer 54

Limb coordination Reaction time Finger dexterity Manual dexterity

Question 55

Name gross motor abilities

Answer 55

Static strength Dynamic strength Core strength Extent flexibility Dynamic flexibility

Question 56

Describe positive accelerated

Answer 56

The shape shows that the individual has performed better in the later sessions than in the earlier ones

Question 57

Describe negative accelerated

Answer 57

Individual have performed better in earlier sessions than in later ones