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EP 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three blood vessels and what are their adaptations

A

Arteries- thick muscular walls, small lumen
Veins- larger lumen and pocket valves
Capillaries- one cell thick

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2
Q

What are the two circuit of blood

A

Systemic and pulmonary

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3
Q

How does vasodilation and vasoconstriction work

A

Blood vessels going to active muscles are widened to increase blood flow

Blood flow to lower priority areas in the body is limited by narrowing blood vessels

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4
Q

What do pre capillary sphincters do

A

Open and close to control blood flow to specific areas

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5
Q

Explain the pathway of blood

A

Superior and inferior vena cava to right atrium to tricuspid valve to right ventricle to pulmonary valve to pulmonary artery to lungs

Lungs to pulmonary vein to left atrium to bicuspid valve to left ventricle to aortic valve to aorta to body

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6
Q

What does myogenic mean

A

The heart can generate its own electrical impulses and doesn’t require brain stimulation

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7
Q

What is the cardiac cycle and what are the stages

A

Atrial diastole, ventricular diastole, atrial systole, ventricular systole

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8
Q

Describe the cardiac conduction system

A

-cardiac diastole
-SA node fired
-impulse causes atrial systole
-impulses delayed at AV node fired
-impulse passes Bundle of His
-impulse passes along the purkinje fibres causing ventricular systole

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9
Q

What are the three functions of the blood

A

-transport of gases and nutrients
-thermoregualtion
-protection and healing

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10
Q

What is venous return

A

The flow of blood that returns to the heart via the venules and veins

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11
Q

How many mechanisms of venous return are there

A

4

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12
Q

What is the skeletal muscle pump

A

When skeletal muscles compress the veins during movement, they force blood back towards the heart via

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13
Q

How do pocket valves assist venous return

A

They stop backflow in veins and venules

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14
Q

What is the respiratory pump

A

When a person inhales the pressure inside the thoracic cavity decreases compared to the rest of the body. This causes a small flow of blood towards the heart as blood moves down a pressure gradient

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15
Q

What is cardiac suction

A

As the ventricles contract, the atrioventricular valves are pulled down increasing the size of the atria. This causes a pressure difference between the atria and the veins sucking blood towards the heart

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16
Q

What is the equation for cardiac output

A

Stroke volume multiplied by heart rate

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17
Q

What is stroke volume

A

The volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per beat

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18
Q

What does starlings law state

A

Cardiac output is dependant on the extensibility of cardiac muscle fibres

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19
Q

What are the two reasons that cardiac output increases as we exercise

A

Increased hear rate and venous return increases

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20
Q

How does an increase in venous return increase cardiac output

A

Venous return increases which stretches the cardiac tissue even more. This causes a more powerful contraction of the heart forcing out more blood each beat

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21
Q

What is ejection fraction

A

The percentage of blood pumped out of the left ventricle each beat. At rest it is approx 55%

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22
Q

How does exercise increase ejection fraction

A

The elastic fibres are stretched out due to venous return increasing and forcefully contract back, pushing out more blood from the heart

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23
Q

What is ejection fraction approximately during exercise

A

70%

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24
Q

What is cardiovascular drift

A

A drifting upwards of heart rate when exercising at a constant work rate over a prolonged period or in a hot environment

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25
How does sweating impair energy production
Sweating causes a decrease in blood volume and venous return, as plasma contains a lot of water. So stroke volume and cardiac output decrease. Hear rate increases to compensate for the lower SV and maintain a constant cardiac output
26
What is blood pressure
The force exerted by the blood on the inside walls of the blood vessels
27
How and where is blood pressure measured
In the left brachial artery using a sphygmomanometer
28
What are the average blood pressure numbers
Systole=120 Diastole=80
29
How does aerobic exercise effect blood pressure
Systolic pressure increases but diastolic pressure does not
30
How does anaerobic exercise effect blood pressure
Systolic and diastolic pressure increases dramatically mainly due to athlete holding their breath
31
What type of energy balance is obesity caused by
Positive energy balance
32
How does coronary heart disease occur
Coronary arteries becomes blocked or start to narrow by a gradual build up of fatty deposits containing cholesterol
33
What is atherosclerosis
The build up of plaque made of cholesterol, fats and other substances in the artery walls
34
What is arteriosclerosis
The hardening of artery walls that means there’s limited vasodilation and vasoconstriction of the arteries
35
What is a stroke
When an atheroma breaks off and blocks a capillary in the brain- stops oxygen and nutrients getting to the brain
36
What is hypertension
High blood pressure- caused by atherosclerosis
37
When does type 2 diabetes occur
When the pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin to maintain a normal blood glucose level. He body becomes tolerant to insulin and it no longer had an effect on blood glucose
38
What does smoking cause
Atherosclerosis, CHD, cancer and respiratory disease
39
Health benefits of exercise
-increased bone density -lowers LDL and increases HDL -burns calories helping to achieve energy balance -increases your basal metabolic rate
40
What is the airway route lined with
Ciliated mucous lining
41
How do humans inhale
-external intercostal muscles contract pulling the ribcage up and out -diagram contracts pulling downwards to increase thoracic volume -air moves In down a gradient
42
How do humans exhale
The external intercostal muscles relax and the ribs cage drops inwards and downwards Diaphragm relaxes moving back upwards decreasing the thoracic volume. Pressure moves out down a gradient
43
What other muscles are used in inhalation and exhalation during exercise
Inhalation- sternocleidomastoid, trapezius and pectorals Exhalation-internal intercostals
44
What is minute volume
The amount of air breathed per minute
45
Equation for minute volume
Tidal volume multiplied by breathing rate
46
What is vital capacity
Inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume
47
What equipment tis use to measure the amount and rate of air a person breathes
Spirometer
48
How does the neuromuscular system respond to exercise
Blood vessels close to muscles dilate increasing blood flow to muscles, increasing oxygen delivery to the muscles and helps haemoglobin release oxygen after into the muscle cell
49
How does temperature help the Neuromuscular system
Increased temperature makes the muscles more ecstatic Increased the speed of muscle contraction and relaxation and nerves impulse speed is increased
50
Where are the three control centres found in the brain (CCC, RCC, VCC)
The medulla oblongata
51
What are the 3 control mechanism to regulate heart rate
Neural control Hormonal control Intrinsic control
52
What are the two components of the Autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system
53
What does the sympathetic nervous system do
Stimulates the heart to beat faster
54
What does the parasympathetic nervous system do
Slows heart rate back to resting level
55
What are the four types of receptors that maintain neural control of the heart rate
Baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, proprioceptors and thermoreceptors
56
Where are chemoreceptors found
In the carotid arteries and the aortic arch
57
How do Chemoreceptors work
C02 and lactic acid lower the ph of the blood making it more acidic. This information is sent to the CCC. As ph decreases the CCC increases heart rate
58
Where are Baro receptors found
In the Aorta, Vena can and carotid arteries
59
How do Barorceptors work
As BP increases, there is an increase in stretch of the Baroreceptors causes a decrease in heart rate
60
Where are proprioceptors found
They are sensory nerve endings in the muscles, tendons and joints
61
How do proprioceptors work
The proprioceptors detect and increase in muscle movement. This sends information to the brain that causes the sympathetic nervous system to increase the firing of the SAN node to increase heart rate
62
How do thermorecptors work
As the body temperate rises the thermorecptors send information to the CCC. a message is sent from the CCC via the accelerator nerve to the heart.The SAN is stimulated to increase HR
63
What Hormones are involved in hormonal control
Adrenaline, noradrenaline and acetylcholine
64
How does hormonal control control heart rate during exercise
The sympathetic nerve causes the adrenal gland to secrete adrenaline and noradrenaline This sends a message via the accelerator nerves to the SAN This increases the strength of ventricular contractions - SV and HR
65
How does hormonal control control heart when exercise stops
Acetylcholine is released which stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system A message it sent via the vagus nerve to the SAN This decreases heart rate
66
What three intrinsic ways does the heart implement to control heart rate
Venous return and heart rate Venous return and starlings law Sodium and potassium balance
67
How does an increase in the electrolyte balance of Na and K increase heart rate
The increase of sodium and potassium in the cardiac muscle cells causes the SAN to increase the heart rate
68
What system is breathing rate controlled by
The nervous system
69
How does our body respond when CO2 builds up
Increases minute ventilation
70
What nerve does the respiratory control centre regulate minute volume via
The phrenic nerve
71
what centre controls blood flow
The vasomotor control centre
72
What does the vasomtor control centre do to regulate blood flow
Vascular shunt
73
what are short term responses to exercise
Increased: Venous return Heart rate Speed of nerve conduction CO2 production Minute volume Body temperature Blood pressure Vascular shunt
74
What are cardia vascular adaptations to long term aerobic training
Bradycardia Cardiac hypertrophy Increased stroke volume Increase cardiac output Increased RBC and haemoglobin Increased lactate threshold Decrease risk of hypertension and CHD
75
What are respiratory adaptations to aerobic long term adaptations
Increased VT VE and vital capacity Increased capillarisation Increase pulmonary diffusion Increased VO2 max Increase strength of respiratory muscles
76
What are musculoskeletal adaptations to aerobic long term training
Increase: Capillarisation Oxygen diffusion rate Myoglobin Mitochondria Bone strength Calcium deposits Synovial fluid to reduce joint friction
77
What are performance gains to aerobic long term training
Decreased recovery time Faster lactate removal Faster re saturation of haemoglobin and myoglobin with O2
78
What are musculoskeletal adaptations to anaerobic long term training
Muscular hypertrophy Increased: PC stores Bone density and tendon strength Motor neurone firing speed Speed of contraction
79
What are cardiovascular adaptations to anaerobic long term training
Cardiac hypertrophy Thicker and more elastic myocardium Increased ejection fraction
80
What are performance gains of anaerobic long term training
Increased lactate threshold Increased force, power, speed, strength output Decreased response time
81
What are examples of overuse injuries
Tendinopathy Compartment syndrome Shin splints Bursitis Stress fracture
82
What a is a sport injury as an example of muscle weakness
Ankle sprain
83
What is a sport injury as an example of muscle imabaknce
100m sprint- tear hamstrings as they are weaker than quads
84
What is a sport injury as an example of overtraining
Shin splints- running
85
What is a sport injury as an example of biomechanical issues
Flat footed causes hips to rotate inwards
86
What is a sport injury as an example of poor environment
Wet pitch could cause an ankle sprain
87
What is a sport injury as an example of poor equipment
Failing to wear helmet- head injuries
88
What is a sport injury as an example of poor etiquette
Eye gouging in rugby
89
What is core stability
The capacity of the muscles of the torso to stabilise the body during movement and assist with maintenance of posture and balance
90
What are some preventative measures for injuries
-complete PAR-Q -sufficient rest -warm up and cool down -protective equipment -follow rules of the sport -physiotherapy and massage

Pe (8 decks)

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