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Source Based Paper- Kq6 Flashcards

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1
Q

When was the Hungarian uprising

A

1956

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2
Q

What happened- hungarian uprising

A
  • rakoski forced to resign as pm (replaced by gero- backed by moscow)
  • demonstrations in budapest (started by intellectuals in UN , crowds destroy stalin statue, calls made social reform)
  • nagy pm
  • soviet forces withdrew from budapest
  • nagy announce reforms (inc free eleections, withdraw warsaw pact, end gov control of media)
  • hungarian resistance crushed (nagy arrested and shot)
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3
Q

Why did khrushchev crush hungarian uprising

A
  • dont want to leave warsaw pact
  • hungary strategic position for ussr
  • concerned NATO might take root- spread other communist countries eg. Romania and ussr
  • wanted to keep sphere of influence
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4
Q

Why did the west fail to intervene hungary

A
  • threat of war
    • 1949-ussr nuclear power
  • hungary in soviet sphere of influence
    • potsdam agreed before
  • suez canal
    • distracted reduced concerted effort on hungary
    • egypt (pm Nasser) wanted suez canal- seen as a priority by pm eden-gb
    • gb, fr, isreal bomb egypt
    • un gave egypt suez canal
    • hypocritical as getting stalin to leave hungary- gb take suez canal (had control over egypt after treaty of sevres 1920s)
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5
Q

Causes of the hungarian uprising

A

-hated rakoski brutal regime
- secret police, thousands soviet troops and tanks
-anti-soviet feeling
-presence troops, religion banned (most catholic), schools curriculum controlled, street signs in russian
-desire for greater democracy and freedom
-AVH secret police, communist didnt allow smallholders party despite 57% vote and soviet 17%
falling living standards
-comecon- take goods into russia
-popularity of nagy
-agreed to be leader by ussr
-promised free elections, private ownership of farmland, leave warsaw pact
-concessions made in poland
-short term catalyst earlier that year
-workers in poland rose up and demanded change- gave into some demands, eg censorship
-khrushchev’s secret speech- in feb
-criticised stalin (destalinisation to gain support ) eg. ‘Often breaching laws’ suggested that he would relax laws

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6
Q

When was czechoslovakia

A

1968

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7
Q

What happened in czechoslovakia

A
  • prague spring- apr 1968
  • passive resistance
  • dubcek leader- socialism with a human face
  • relaxation of communism- seen as attack on commuunism and leaders of ussr
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8
Q

Prague spring

A
  • apr 1968
  • new ideas, freedoms
  • freedom of speech- less censorship
  • farmers could make own profits outside gov control
  • trade unions had more rights
  • more recognition of slovak (race) in czechoslovakia
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9
Q

Passive resistance

A
  • opposing a group but without military or direct action against that group
  • eg. Standing infornt of tanks
    • offering flowers to soldiers
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10
Q

Socialism with a human face

A
  • kept socialist model of government but guarenteed a better delivery of goods, freedoms to czech people
    • generally more loyalty
  • legalisation of political opposition groups
  • reintroduced capitalist elements into czech economy
  • reduction of secret police activity
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11
Q

Leader ussr czechoslovakia

A

Brezhnev

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12
Q

Why did brezhnev crush the czech rising

A
  • pressure from warsaw pact leaders
  • concerned of spread of capiitalist ideas
  • land border to ussr- lost buffer zone
  • strategic place- western ideas could spread to borderiing countries
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13
Q

Russian response- hungary

A
  • khrushchev ordered red army to take control
  • 1,000 russian troops entered hungary
  • 3,000 hungarians killed
  • resistance crushed 2 weeks
  • nagy executed
  • west verbally condemned but no action
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14
Q

Russian response- czechoslovakia

A
  • 73 czech killed
  • dubcek and ministers replaced- not killed (didnt want to leave warsaw pact)
  • 400,000 warsaw pact troops invaded cz- took dubcek by suprise
  • invasion force- claimed members of warsaw pact practise training exercises on czech border
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15
Q

Causes of czech uprising

A
  • hatred novotny’s hardline regime
  • anti soviet feeling
  • popularity dubcek
  • falling libing standards-comecon
  • anger of hungarian uprising 1956
  • desire for greater freedom and democracy
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16
Q

Brezhnev doctrine

A
  • declared ussr not allowed e.e countries to reject communism -‘even if it meant a third world war’
  • would take military action- to ensure
  • rejecting capitalist economy
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17
Q

Czech in 1945

A
  • ussr seen as liberators from germany

- anger felt as prague spriing ruined

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18
Q

When did berlin wall built

A

1961

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19
Q

What happened with berlin wall

A

-2 oclock 13 august
-east german troops erected barbed wire barrier across entire frontier between east and west berlin
-ending all free movement- agreement at potsdam and yalta
-quickly replaced concrete wall
-all points sealed off apart from checkpoint charlie
-

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20
Q

West response to berlin wall being built

A
  • oct 1961- US diplomats and troops crossed regularly into east to find out how soviets would react
  • 27th oct- soviet troops pulled up checkpoint charlie-refuse to allow further entry across
    • stand off w/ tanks 18 hours us and soviet at checkpoint charlie, 5m at a time backed off
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21
Q

Why was the berlin wall built- western approach

A
  • wall attack on freedom- go against yalta and potsdam
  • ussr defending commnism
  • 1961- krushchev trying to bully kenedy into withdrawing from berlin but kennedy refused
  • ussr refused to recognise the existance of federal republic of west germany
  • brain drain- skilled poeple leaving- between 1949 and 1961- 2.6 mill defected opposite side
  • east berlin poorer than the west
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22
Q

Why was the berlin wall built- soviet interpretation

A
  • western allies to recognise existance of GDR (East germany)
  • needed to stop workers leaving- could only keep people by force
  • 1954-west germany NATO
  • 1958- west refused to sign krushchev’s ultimatum-suggest berliin become free self governing demilitarised area
  • 1960-gary powers u2 plane shot down inside east berlin- eisenhower refuse apologise
  • west berlin spies
  • inside iron curtain
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23
Q

Berlin wall was threat on world peace

A

-over 40 germans killed per year trying to cross
-wall symbol of divide
-us complain bitterly construction of wall- khrushchev demanded leave berlin
—us used wall as propaganda and criticised use of force to prevent leaving
-both sides increased amounts of nuclear weapons
-tense stand off at checkpoiint charlie- 18 h- would someone shoot
-after crisis kennedy said ‘some people say we can work with the communists’ ‘let them come to Berlin’

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24
Q

Berlin wall not a threat to world peace

A
  • east satisfied- wall stopped defectors and east germany economy recovered after
  • ussr clearly given up hope of taking west berlin- west no longer feared another blockade
  • crisis settled peacefully- kneedy reaction showed didnt want to go to war as withdraw tanks
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25
Q

When was solidarity uprising

A

1980

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26
Q

What happened w/ solidarity

A
  • from 1980 opposition in poland organised by solidarity
  • started as trade union- soon developed politicall party
  • after series of strikes in 1980- governing communist party in poland agreed to walesa 21 points
    • inc- right to strike
    • right to form trade. Uniosn
    • less censorship
    • regular broadcast of catholic church service
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27
Q

1980-poland

A

Solidarity became first independant trade union in ee

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28
Q

Important factors in foundation of solidarity in poland

A
  • economic
    • low wagges, comecon, jul 1980 price rises (widespread unrest and strikes), low wages
  • catholic church
    • most poles catholic, too well organised so broken up by communists, 1978 polish pope john paul 2
  • walesa
    • good speaker, electrician working at gdansk, v. Careful negotiations w/ ussr to avoid provoke
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29
Q

How important was solidarity against communism-important

A

—level of support
-walesa nobel peace prize 1983
-west support
-mill ordinary people
-church and solidarity stronger than communists
-changes made
-gave into 21 demand
-proved change and reform could take place under communist control
-1st legal trade union
` -radio solidarity- message spread further

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30
Q

Solidarity wasnt important against communists

A
  • 1982- 5,000 solidarity members arrested
  • banned after achieved initial success
  • walesa arrested 1982
31
Q

Why was solidarity so diff for ussr to deal with

A
  • popularity of walesa- won national election 1984
  • role of pope/church
  • international reach of movement
    • usa interest- badges and tshirst
    • radio solidarity
    • 1983- walesa nobel peace prize
  • popularity of solidarity
    • grew despite illegal-trade union
    • rural solidarity
    • 9 mill members
    • achieved 21 demands
32
Q

Gorbachev

A
  • last leader ussr
  • 1983-91(Resigned
  • liked in west, loathed in east
  • w/ ronald reagan- agreed end cold war
33
Q

Perestroika

A
  • response to economic failure
  • cut back defence-could never outspend usa on nuclear weapons
  • local and central economic planning neededd
  • 1987- market forces introduced into soviet economy- supply and demand allowed, prices not completely controlled, first time in 60y- can buy and sell for profit
  • some privat ownership allowed
34
Q

glasnost

A
  • media and freedom
  • freedom of speech
  • criticise gov- no longer persecuted
  • soviet citizens more aware of reasons for gov actions
  • all types gov control lifteed
  • media change- accurat rather than falsified figures- produced regarding economic progress
35
Q

Problems in ussr

A
  • poor quality resources
  • high alcholism0 vodka- negative effects workforce
  • corrupt gov officials
  • poor infrastructure to distribute food-starvation
  • economic problem-expensive war in afghanistan
36
Q

Foreign policy ussr under gorbachev

A
  • dec 1988- in un , announced huge cuts in soviet armed forced
    • ee do what wanted
    • no more tanks in prague/budapest
  • brezhnev doctrine abandoned
  • reduce military spending
    • pulled out afghanistan
    • stopped interfering w/ affairs of other communist states
    • negotiating arms reductions w/ usa eg. INF treaty, both agreed to disarm large no. Nuclear weapons
37
Q

Ronald reagan

A
  • 1981-89
  • president usa
  • cut taxes- trickle down effect, money from rich to poor
  • increase military spending
38
Q

Reagan attitude ussr

A
  • cold war can end
  • diplomacy w/ gorbachev
  • anti communist - ‘evil empire’
  • revive detente- relaxed relation w/ moscow
39
Q

Reagan attitude nuclear weapons

A
  • want abolish- SDI- satellite shoots down missiles

- decrease nuclear weapons

40
Q

Threat of world peace- reagan

A
  • increased military spending
  • SDI
  • funding contracts- soldiers target communist leader s. America
  • boycott moscow olympics
41
Q

Reagan role ending cold war

A
  • negotaite w/ gorbachev

- signed INF- reduce nuclear weapon

42
Q

Hungary- collapse ussr

A
  • jan 1989
  • began dismantling barbed wire fence hungary and austria
  • announced free elections held
  • commuunist party renamed socialist party
43
Q

Germany- collapse ussr

A

Nov 1989

  • berlin wall collapse
  • demonstrations in east german cities when gorbachev visits
44
Q

Bulgaria- collapse ussr

A
  • dec 1989

- huge demonstartions against comm gov

45
Q

Czechoslovakia- collapse ussr

A

Dec 1989

  • huge demonstratitions
  • czech open borders w/ west
46
Q

Romania-collapse ussr

A
  • short violent revolt

- executes ceausesar (comm dictator)

47
Q

Lithuania-collapse ussr

A

March 1990

  • leaders stated views
  • wanted independance from ussr
  • ussr didnt allow, did anyway in mar-sent troops
48
Q

Azerbajan-collapse ussr

A

Mar 1990

-sent troops end rioting

49
Q

Ukraine- collapse ussr

A
  • jul 1990
  • declaired indepedance
  • other republics followed
50
Q

Russian republic- collapse ussr-1990

A

May 1990

  • boris yeltsin elected as president- clear saw no future in ussr
  • stated republic in ussr- independant states
51
Q

Poland- collapse of ussr

A
  • dec 1990
  • walesa elected president
  • solidarity most seats
  • free elections
52
Q

Georgia and latvia

A

1991

-declared independance ussr

53
Q

End of soviet union

A
  • gorbachev announced

- dec 1991

54
Q

Russia- 1991

A
  • hardline communists elite and leading military officials attempt coup
  • held gorbachev prisoner in holiday home in crimea
  • send tanks and troops into streets in moscow
  • coup failed- lead by yeltsin (leader of opposition)
    • crowds gathered in moscow to oppose
    • conspirators lpst faith in themselves-coup collapsed
55
Q

Stalin

A 
—30y
-origins cold war
1953 died
-nazi soviet pact
-free elections not allowed
-korea war
56
Q

Khrushchev

A
  • secret speech-destalinisation
    • gave hope hungary of lighter tough
  • cuban missile crisis- turn ship around
  • oversaw construction of berlin wall 1961
57
Q

Brezhnev

A
  • stop prague spring and czech uprisiing- send in tanks to ensure soviet control maintained
  • Brezhnev doctrine
58
Q

Gorbachev

A

-last soviet leader of usr w/ impact on foreign policies
-oversaw collapse of communism in ee
-abandoned brezhnev doctrine
—glasnost and prestroika

59
Q

Ulbricht

A

—leader of east germany

-wanted berlin wall to prevent people leaving east berlin

60
Q

Poland- 1980

A
  • july- rising food prices- meat announced

- aug-strikes by solidarity and 21 points accepted

61
Q

Solidarity support increased

A

Sep 1980- jan 81

-3.5 to 9.4 mill

62
Q

Dec 1981- poland

A

Martial law introduced- banning solidarity and arresting walesa

63
Q

Oct 1982- poland

A

Solidarity formally dissolved

64
Q

Poland- 1989

A

-solidarity made legal- free elections

65
Q

Dec 1990- poland

A

-walesa elected president

66
Q

Examples of 21 points

A
  • right to strike

- broadcast catholic church service

67
Q

When did walesa win the nobel peace prize?

A

1983

68
Q

Jaruselski

A

Poland communist leader

69
Q

Usefullness q

A
  • historical perpectives
  • motives
  • feelings at the time
  • short and long term impacts
  • understanding peoples actions

-does the source unwittingly reveal anything

70
Q

1987- ussr

A

market forces introduced into soviet economy- supply and demand allowed, prices not completely controlled, first time in 60y- can buy and sell for profit

71
Q

Poland 1984

A

Walesa won general election

72
Q

Khrushchev secret speech-when

A

Feb 1956

73
Q

Novotny

A

Czech communist president before dubcek

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