Sos- pathology of parathyroid and MEN syndrome

Question 1

is a clone of the same cell over and over
adipose tissue would be pushed out of the way

Answer 1

adenoma

Question 2

Answer 2

parathyroid tissue

Question 3

1 parathyroid enlarged=

Answer 3

adenoma

Question 4

More than 1 parathyroid enlarged=

Answer 4

hyperplasia

Question 5

Answer 5

parathyroid gland

Question 6

Answer 6

chief cells of parathyroid gland

Question 7

secretes PTH and causes increase in blood calcium

Answer 7

parathyroid gland

Question 8

Answer 8

hyperparathyroidism (causing hypercalcemia)

Question 9

decrease in PTH and decrease in blood calcium

Answer 9

hypoparathyroidism

Question 10

contraction of facial muscles after tapping facial nerve (seen in hypocalcemia)

Answer 10

Chvostek sign

Question 11

induction of carpal pedal spasm seen in hypocalcemia

Answer 11

Trousseau sign

Question 12

Answer 12

hypocalcemia

Question 13

Whenever you have calcium that is high, check what

Answer 13

thyroid, parathyroid, and malignancy

Question 14

hyperfunction of parathyroid cells due to hyperplasia, adenoma, or carcinoma

Answer 14

primary hyperparathyroidism

Question 15

may be associated with MEN1
high serum calcium
low serum phosphate

Answer 15

primary hyperparathyroidism

Question 16

due to chronic renal failure
stimulation of parathyroid in response to hypocalcemia

Answer 16

secondary hyperparathyroidism

Question 17

low to normal serum calcium
high phosphate

Answer 17

secondary hyperparathyroidism

Question 18

seen in end stage renal failure (from chronic)
following long term physiological stimulation leading to hyperplasia
high serum calcium and phosphate

Answer 18

tertiary hyperparathyroidism

Question 19

Increased PTH due to the parathyroid gland
The most common cause is a parathyroid adenoma, 80% of cases
Typically one gland

Answer 19

primary hyperparathyroidism

Question 20

osteitis fibrosa cystica “brown tumor”

Answer 20

primary hyperparathyroidism

Question 21

found within macrophages (siderophages), breakdown of blood (blood vessel damage)
turning tumor brown color

Answer 21

hemosiderin

Question 22

having GI issues
bone pain in legs

Answer 22

primary hyperparathyroidism (or MEN1)

Question 23

Answer 23

parathyroid adenoma

Question 24

Answer 24

adenoma
on bottom is normal parathyroid

Question 25

Increased PTH due to a disease other than the parathyroid Most common cause is chronic renal failure

Answer 25

secondary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism

Question 26

caused by oversecretion of parathyroid hormone low phosphate high PTH and calcium

Answer 26

primary hyperparathyroidism

Question 27

caused by vitamin D deficiency high phosphate and PTH low calcium

Answer 27

secondary hyperparathyroidism

Question 28

caused by chronic renal failure high phosphate and calcium very high PTH

Answer 28

tertiary hyperparathyroidism

Question 29

common cause of hypercalcemia in elderly

Answer 29

cancer

Question 30

Most common cause of this is women over the age of 50 after menopause

Answer 30

PTH-independent hypercalcemia

Question 31

______ carcinoma is common cause of hypercalcemia

Answer 31

squamous cell carcinoma

Question 32

Rare, decreased PTH due to autoimmune disorders, DiGeorge syndrome and surgical excision

Answer 32

hypoparathyroidism

Question 33

Answer 33

DiGeorge syndrome

Question 34

Symptoms of hypoparathyroidism but with an increased PTH level End organ resistance to PTH, inactive or decreased expression of PTH receptors GNAS gene mutation coupled to PTH receptor Short stature, round (full) face, brachydactyly

Answer 34

Pseudohypoparathyroidism

Question 35

due to PTH receptor deficiency (low serum calcium and normal PTH)

Answer 35

Pseudohypoparathyroidism

Question 36

Answer 36

Albright's syndrome (Pseudohypoparathyroidism)

Question 37

Differ from other hereditary cancer syndromes in that most neoplasia grow in hormone-secreting glands

Answer 37

multiple endocrine neoplasia

Question 38

Well-defined hormonal syndromes with excess hormone production Asymptomatic patients can be identified with excess hormone that serve as tumor markers for screening, diagnosis and therapy

Answer 38

multiple endocrine neoplasia

Question 39

3 P's pituitary adenoma, parathyroid hyperplasia, pancreatic tumors

Answer 39

MEN1

Question 40

parathyroid hyperplasia medullary thyroid carcinoma pheochromocytoma

Answer 40

MEN2A

Question 41

mucosal neuromas marfanoid body habitus medullary thyroid carcinoma pheochromocytoma

Answer 41

MEN2B

Question 42

Answer 42

MEN1

Question 43

Answer 43

MEN2

Question 44

2 theories for this, but pathophysiology is unclear

Answer 44

adrenal gland hemorrhage

Question 45

First identified as an outcome in children with Neisseria meningitis sepsis Rare but life-threatening disorder that involves bilateral adrenal hemorrhage

Answer 45

Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome

Question 46

Following a bacterial or viral infection, an acute clinical presentation including: Abdominal pain Fever Chills Headache Nausea and vomiting Joint and muscle pain Skin rash Loss of consciousness

Answer 46

Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome

Question 47

Develops into disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and shock

Answer 47

Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome

Question 48

common cause of waterhouse-friderichsen syndrome

Answer 48

meningococcal meningitis

Question 49

Increased release of cortisol and adrenaline Adrenocortical hemorrhage

Answer 49

waterhouse-friderichsen syndrome

Question 50

Septicemia > Endotoxemia > Adrenal hemorrhage (90%) > DIC > Shock

Answer 50

Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome

Question 51

in child, following bacterial or viral infection and has fever

Answer 51

Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome

Question 52

Answer 52

Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome