Schuler- Adrenal Gland

Question 1

blood supply to adrenal glands

Answer 1

suprarenal arteries

Question 2

venous drainage of the adrenal glands

Answer 2

suprarenal veins

Question 3

innervated by splanchnic nerves of sympathetic NS and the post-synaptic ganglia (Chromaffin cells)
synthesizes catecholamines

Answer 3

adrenal medulla

Question 4

derived from neuroectoderm

Answer 4

adrenal medulla

Question 5

derived from mesoderm

Answer 5

adrenal cortex

Question 6

synthesizes glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens

Answer 6

adrenal cortex

Question 7

3 layers of adrenal cortex

Answer 7

zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculata
zona reticularis

Question 8

“GFR”

Answer 8

salt, sugar, sex

Question 9

produced by zona glomerulosa

Answer 9

aldosterone

Question 10

produced by zona fasciculata

Answer 10

cortisol

Question 11

produced by zona reticularis

Answer 11

androgens

Question 12

ACTH regulates the release of what

Answer 12

cortisol and androgens

Question 13

hormones made in the cortex are all derived from ______

Answer 13

cholesterol

Question 14

____transports cholesterol into mitochondria

Answer 14

StAR protein

Question 15

_____ converts cholesterol to pregnenolone

Answer 15

cholesterol desmolase

Question 16

____stimulates production and expression of StAR protein

Answer 16

ACTH

Question 17

______ is the precursor to all of the hormones

Answer 17

pregnenolone

Question 18

3 main enzymes important in cortisol synthesis

Answer 18

17alphaOH
21alphaOH
11betaOH

Question 19

____secreted from hypothalamus stimulates ACTH synthesis and secretion

Answer 19

CRH

Question 20

acts on adrenals and stimulates release of cortisol, androgens, etc

Answer 20

ACTH

Question 21

____ inhibits CRH secretion

Answer 21

ACTH

Question 22

____ inhibits both CRH and ACTH secretion

Answer 22

cortisol

Question 23

highest concentrations of cortisol observed in ______

Answer 23

the morning

Question 24

Body’s way of protecting kidney against cortisol is through _______ to inactivate it and allow for other hormones to bind to mineralocorticoid receptors (so aldosterone has opportunity to act)

Answer 24

11beta-HSD2

Question 25

major active glucocorticoid in humans is ___

Answer 25

cortisol

Question 26

____ circulates bound to transcortin and to albumin

Answer 26

cortisol

Question 27

2 places where cortisol is inactivated

Answer 27

liver kidney

Question 28

someone w/ metabolic syndrome----whole body ______likely higher than in a lean patient

Answer 28

cortisol

Question 29

actions of ___ are widespread and important during periods of stress

Answer 29

glucocorticoids

Question 30

Local ____ use is immunosuppressive and can cause overgrowth of yeast in mouth in pediatrics; local immune response is dampened and can make an infection worse

Answer 30

steroid

Question 31

increases plasma glucose Na+ reabsorption and K+ excretion anti-inflammatory/immunosuppressive lung development circulatory integrity

Answer 31

cortisol's major actions

Question 32

cortisol's effect on intermediate metabolism (catabolic hormone)

Answer 32

increase in plasma glucose

Question 33

increases GFR Na+ reabsorption and K+ excretion increase osteoclast activity

Answer 33

cortisol effect on electrolytes

Question 34

dose and duration is important to distinguish what effects of cortisol

Answer 34

anti-inflammatory immune response

Question 35

maintains CO maintenance of responsiveness to NE increase arteriolar tone maintains endothelial barrier

Answer 35

cortisol mainting circulatory integrity

Question 36

Surfactant synthesis; Increases lung fluid reabsorption by fetal lung Clinical use of synthetic glucocorticoids to reduce incidence of respiratory distress syndrome in premature babies

Answer 36

cortisol effects on lung development

Question 37

_____ of the adrenal gland expresses aldosterone synthase and produces aldosterone

Answer 37

zona glomerulosa

Question 38

acts on mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) in the distal tubule of the kidney Overall role is to help regulate blood pressure (increase Na+ and water retention (increases blood volume) and eliminate K+

Answer 38

aldosterone

Question 39

____ protects mineralocorticoid receptor and allows aldosterone to act if there are elevated cortisol levels

Answer 39

11betaHSD2

Question 40

increases GFR and inhibits sodium and water reabsorption

Answer 40

ANP

Question 41

increased expression of ENaC Na channel increased activity of ROMK K channel

Answer 41

aldosterone

Question 42

RAAS: liver makes ____; renin is secreted by kidneys and cleaves to angiotensin I; ACE made by the lungs cleaves to ____

Answer 42

angiotensinogen angiotensin II

Question 43

adrenal androgens

Answer 43

DHEA and DHEAS

Question 44

Major source of androgens in the female

Answer 44

adrenal gland (zona reticularis)

Question 45

_____stimulates androgen synthesis in the zona reticularis

Answer 45

ACTH

Question 46

adrenal androgens ______ feedback to inhibit ACTH release

Answer 46

do NOT

Question 47

androgens are converted to estrogens in peripheral tissues by _______; this is the major source of estrogens in the male

Answer 47

aromatase

Question 48

Decreased cortisol Increased androgens (due to increased CRH and ACTH) what deficiency?

Answer 48

21alphaOH deficiency (congenital adrenal hyperplasia)

Question 49

Sympathetic presynaptic release of acetylcholine stimulates the production and release of epinephrine and norepinephrine from________

Answer 49

adrenal medulla

Question 50

plays role in fight or flight response

Answer 50

adrenal medulla

Question 51

Blood supplied to the adrenal gland perfuses from the outer cortex to the inner medulla, allowing the adrenal medulla access to high concentrations of _____

Answer 51

adrenal steroids

Question 52

direct neuroendocrine connection b/t sympathetic NS and _____

Answer 52

adrenal medulla

Question 53

main product from adrenal medulla

Answer 53

Epinephrine

Question 54

half life of _____ is REALLY short

Answer 54

catecholamines

Question 55

used as clinical assay for adrenal medullary function

Answer 55

VMA level in urine

Question 56

___ and ___ bind to adrenergic receptors that are G protein and second messenger systems

Answer 56

Epi and NE

Question 57

both ____ and ____ increase glucose synthesis

Answer 57

cortisol and Epi

Question 58

____ is short term, and ____ is long term increase in plasma glucose

Answer 58

Epi; cortisol

Question 59

inhibits aldosterone receptors. Used as a potassium-sparing diuretic

Answer 59

spironolactone

Question 60

blocks cortisol action at the glucocorticoid receptor. Used in adrenal carcinoma and Cushings Syndrome.

Answer 60

Mifepristone

Question 61

anti-fungal; long term use can block conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone (precursor to all of the hormones)

Answer 61

ketoconazole

Question 62

Answer 62

adverse reactions of glucocorticoid use