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ENR Biweekly 3 > Schuler- Adrenal Gland > Flashcards

Schuler- Adrenal Gland Flashcards

1
Q

blood supply to adrenal glands

A

suprarenal arteries

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2
Q

venous drainage of the adrenal glands

A

suprarenal veins

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3
Q

innervated by splanchnic nerves of sympathetic NS and the post-synaptic ganglia (Chromaffin cells)
synthesizes catecholamines

A

adrenal medulla

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4
Q

derived from neuroectoderm

A

adrenal medulla

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5
Q

derived from mesoderm

A

adrenal cortex

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6
Q

synthesizes glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens

A

adrenal cortex

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7
Q

3 layers of adrenal cortex

A

zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculata
zona reticularis

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8
Q

“GFR”

A

salt, sugar, sex

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9
Q

produced by zona glomerulosa

A

aldosterone

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10
Q

produced by zona fasciculata

A

cortisol

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11
Q

produced by zona reticularis

A

androgens

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12
Q

ACTH regulates the release of what

A

cortisol and androgens

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13
Q

hormones made in the cortex are all derived from ______

A

cholesterol

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14
Q

____transports cholesterol into mitochondria

A

StAR protein

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15
Q

_____ converts cholesterol to pregnenolone

A

cholesterol desmolase

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16
Q

____stimulates production and expression of StAR protein

A

ACTH

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17
Q

______ is the precursor to all of the hormones

A

pregnenolone

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18
Q

3 main enzymes important in cortisol synthesis

A

17alphaOH
21alphaOH
11betaOH

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19
Q

____secreted from hypothalamus stimulates ACTH synthesis and secretion

A

CRH

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20
Q

acts on adrenals and stimulates release of cortisol, androgens, etc

A

ACTH

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21
Q

____ inhibits CRH secretion

A

ACTH

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22
Q

____ inhibits both CRH and ACTH secretion

A

cortisol

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23
Q

highest concentrations of cortisol observed in ______

A

the morning

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24
Q

Body’s way of protecting kidney against cortisol is through _______ to inactivate it and allow for other hormones to bind to mineralocorticoid receptors (so aldosterone has opportunity to act)

A

11beta-HSD2

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25
Q

major active glucocorticoid in humans is ___

A

cortisol

26
Q

____ circulates bound to transcortin and to albumin

A

cortisol

27
Q

2 places where cortisol is inactivated

A

liver
kidney

28
Q

someone w/ metabolic syndrome—-whole body ______likely higher than in a lean patient

A

cortisol

29
Q

actions of ___ are widespread and important during periods of stress

A

glucocorticoids

30
Q

Local ____ use is immunosuppressive and can cause overgrowth of yeast in mouth in pediatrics; local immune response is dampened and can make an infection worse

A

steroid

31
Q

increases plasma glucose
Na+ reabsorption and K+ excretion
anti-inflammatory/immunosuppressive
lung development
circulatory integrity

A

cortisol’s major actions

32
Q

cortisol’s effect on intermediate metabolism (catabolic hormone)

A

increase in plasma glucose

33
Q

increases GFR
Na+ reabsorption and K+ excretion
increase osteoclast activity

A

cortisol effect on electrolytes

34
Q

dose and duration is important to distinguish what effects of cortisol

A

anti-inflammatory
immune response

35
Q

maintains CO
maintenance of responsiveness to NE
increase arteriolar tone
maintains endothelial barrier

A

cortisol mainting circulatory integrity

36
Q

Surfactant synthesis; Increases lung fluid reabsorption by fetal lung
Clinical use of synthetic glucocorticoids to reduce incidence of respiratory distress syndrome in premature babies

A

cortisol effects on lung development

37
Q

_____ of the adrenal gland expresses aldosterone synthase and produces aldosterone

A

zona glomerulosa

38
Q

acts on mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) in the distal tubule of the kidney
Overall role is to help regulate blood pressure (increase Na+ and water retention (increases blood volume) and eliminate K+

A

aldosterone

39
Q

____ protects mineralocorticoid receptor and allows aldosterone to act if there are elevated cortisol levels

A

11betaHSD2

40
Q

increases GFR and inhibits sodium and water reabsorption

A

ANP

41
Q

increased expression of ENaC Na channel
increased activity of ROMK K channel

A

aldosterone

42
Q

RAAS: liver makes ____; renin is secreted by kidneys and cleaves to angiotensin I; ACE made by the lungs cleaves to ____

A

angiotensinogen
angiotensin II

43
Q

adrenal androgens

A

DHEA and DHEAS

44
Q

Major source of androgens in the female

A

adrenal gland (zona reticularis)

45
Q

_____stimulates androgen synthesis in the zona reticularis

A

ACTH

46
Q

adrenal androgens ______ feedback to inhibit ACTH release

A

do NOT

47
Q

androgens are converted to estrogens in peripheral tissues by _______; this is the major source of estrogens in the male

A

aromatase

48
Q

Decreased cortisol
Increased androgens (due to increased CRH and ACTH)
what deficiency?

A

21alphaOH deficiency
(congenital adrenal hyperplasia)

49
Q

Sympathetic presynaptic release of acetylcholine stimulates the production and release of epinephrine and norepinephrine from________

A

adrenal medulla

50
Q

plays role in fight or flight response

A

adrenal medulla

51
Q

Blood supplied to the adrenal gland perfuses from the outer cortex to the inner medulla, allowing the adrenal medulla access to high concentrations of _____

A

adrenal steroids

52
Q

direct neuroendocrine connection b/t sympathetic NS and _____

A

adrenal medulla

53
Q

main product from adrenal medulla

A

Epinephrine

54
Q

half life of _____ is REALLY short

A

catecholamines

55
Q

used as clinical assay for adrenal
medullary function

A

VMA level in urine

56
Q

___ and ___ bind to adrenergic receptors that are G protein and second messenger systems

A

Epi and NE

57
Q

both ____ and ____ increase glucose synthesis

A

cortisol and Epi

58
Q

____ is short term, and ____ is long term increase in plasma glucose

A

Epi; cortisol

59
Q

inhibits aldosterone receptors. Used as a potassium-sparing diuretic

A

spironolactone

60
Q

blocks cortisol action at the glucocorticoid receptor. Used in adrenal carcinoma and Cushings Syndrome.

A

Mifepristone

61
Q

anti-fungal; long term use can block conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone (precursor to all of the hormones)

A

ketoconazole

62
Q
A

adverse reactions of glucocorticoid use

ENR Biweekly 3 (14 decks)

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