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APES > Some Book Review > Flashcards

Some Book Review Flashcards

1
Q

Plate boundaries
1-convergent boundary
2-divergent boundary
3-transform fault boundary

A

1-2 plates pushed together (subduction volcanos)
2-2 plates moving away fro each other (rift volcanos)
3-2 plates slide by each other

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2
Q

What is subduction

A

Heavy ocean plate is pushed below the other plate and melts as it meets magma

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3
Q

Volcano types
1-rift
2-subduction
3-hot spot

A

1- 2 plates move away for each other
2-2 plates collide
3- found in hotspots

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4
Q

Igneous rocks

A

Rock is melted and the resolidifies

Ex- solid lava, basalt

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5
Q

Sedimentary rocks

A

Sediment compressed by heat and pressure

Ex-limestone

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6
Q

Metamorphic rocks

A

Heat and pressure applies

Ex-slate

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7
Q

Abiotic vs. biotic

A

A-non living

B-living

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8
Q

Particle size

Soil

A

Clay- silt- sand

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9
Q

Weathering

  • physical
  • chemical
  • biological
A

Physical- wind and water
Chemical- water and atmospheric gases
Biological- activities of living organism

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10
Q 
Soil levels
O-horizon
A-horizon
E horizon
B
C
R
A

O- top (humus) and most organic material

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11
Q

Monoculture

A

Plating one crop in a large area continuously

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12
Q

Soil and water conservation act of 1977

A

Help landowners

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13
Q

Atmosphere (coolest to earth)

A 
Thermosphere
Mesosphere
Stratosphere
Troposphere 
EARTH SURFACE
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14
Q

Troposphere

A

Weather takes place here

-temp down as elevation increases

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15
Q

Stratosphere

A

Ozone layer

-temp goes up with altitude

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16
Q

Mesosphere

A

Meteors burn up here

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17
Q

Thermosphere

A

Spaceships orbit here

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18
Q

Weather vs climate

A

Weather- day to day

Climate- change that is persistent over 30 years

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19
Q

Earths tilt access

A

23.5 degrees

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20
Q

Trade winds

A

Northern hemisphere - from northeast

Southern hemisphere -from southeast

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21
Q

El niño

A

Cold water displaces warm water on surface

Us-warmer winters

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22
Q

La Nina

A

Colder ocean surfaces

-cooler wetter in us

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23
Q 
Littoral zone (freshwater)
Limneric zone (ample light)
Profundal zone (dark)
Benthic zone (low oxygen and low temp)
A

Where rooted plants grow

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24
Q

Ocean zone
Coastal zone -closest to land
Euphoric zone -warmest, most dissolved oxygen
Bathyal zone -middle
Abyssal zone -deepest, darkest, least sun, least oxygen

A

Look at front

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25
Q

Water is desist at ?

A

4 degrees Celsius

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26
Q

Water us percents

A

Irrigation- 73%

Industrial -21%

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27
Q

Biogeochemical cycle

A

Movement of nutrients through the environment

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28
Q

Law of conservation of matter

A

Can’t be created or destroyed

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29
Q

Carbon cycle

A

Respiration (animals and plants)
Photosynthesis

Produced by burning fossil fuels and decaying organic matter

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30
Q

Nitrogen cycle

A

Fixation- nitrogen converted to ammonia
Nitrification- soil bacteria converts ammonia into nitrate(plant food)
Assimilation- plants absorb ammonia
Ammonification-decomposes create ammonia
Denitrification- ammonia converted back into nitrates

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31
Q

Phosphorus cycle

A

Animal and fertilizer run off

-eutrophication (algae bloom)

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32
Q

Autotrophs vs heterotrophs

A

Auto- produce own organic compounds

Hetero- consume other organisms for food

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33
Q

How do tectonic plates move?

A

The lithosphere (land) floats atop the asthenosphere (ground)

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34
Q

How much energy is lost at each step in the pyramid

A

90%

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35
Q

Biomes vs zones

A

Biomes- land based ecosystem

Zones- water based ecosystem

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36
Q

Ecosystems based on rainfall (high to low)

A 
Tropical rainforest
Deciduous forest 
Scrub forest
Coniferous forest
Grassland 
Tundra + deserts
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37
Q

Symbiotic relationship

A

Probably benefit both parties

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38
Q

Mutualism relationship

A

Both benefit

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39
Q

Commensalism

A

One benefits, other not harmed

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40
Q

Biotic potential of a population

A

Amount population would grow if there was unlimited resources

41
Q

Carrying capacity

A

Max pop size that is supported by available resources

42
Q

Rule of 70

A

Divide 70 by the current growth rate to get doubling time

43
Q

R vs k selected organisms

A

R- produce early and often
little attention given to offsprings

K- fewer offsprings
devote a lot of time to children

44
Q

Current world population

A

7.3 billion people

45
Q

Annual growth rate calculation

A

Birth- death

10

46
Q

Emigration vs immigration

A

Emigration- people out

Immigration. People in

47
Q

Replacement birth rate

A

Children needed to replace parents

2.5 (infant death, not producing women)

48
Q

Factors that affect total fertility rate

A

Birth control
Education
Child in labor forces
Religion, culture

49
Q

Industrial revolution

A

Clean water
Sanitation
Food supplies
Healthcare

50
Q 
Growth states 
Pre- industrial
Transitional
Industrial
Postindustrial
A

Pre- high birth and death rate
Transitional - high birth, low death. Rapid growth
Industrial- birthdate similar to death rate
Postindustrial- reach zero growth rate

51
Q

Ecological foot print calculation

A

Impact= pop size X affluence X technology

52
Q

Federal insecticide, fungicide, and Rodenticide act (FIFRA)

A

Requires EPA to approve all pesticides in the us

53
Q

Contour plowing
Terracing
Non-till
Crop rotation

A

Contour- rows plowed on hillside to prevent erosion
Terracing- stairs in hillside
Non- till - plant seeds without plowing first
Crop rotation- change crops

54
Q

Old growth vs second growth forests

A

Old- never been cut and not seriously disturbed for 100s of years

Second- cutting is recent,

55
Q

What is agroforestry

A

Trees and crops planted together

56
Q

Threats to trees

A

Forest fires (CROWN FIRES)
Diseases
Pests

57
Q

Acid mine drainage

A

Sulfur containing compounds that drain from mine

58
Q

Externalities

A

Unwanted or unpredicted consequences of using natural resources

59
Q

Convection vs conduction

A

Convection- transfer of heat by movement of heated material

Conduction- transfer if energy through matter from particles

60
Q

Energy units

A

Joules (J)
Calorie (cal)
British thermal unit (Btu)
Kilowatt hour (kWh)

61
Q

Power units

A

Watt (W)

Horsepower (hp)

62
Q

Watt= ________X_________

A

Volts X amperage

63
Q

First law if thermodynamics

A

Energy is not created or destroyed

-transferred or transformed

64
Q

Energy production percents

A

Fossil fuels -64
Nuclear- 17
Renewable sources- 19

65
Q

Primary energy resource

used most

A

Oil
Coal
Natural gas

66
Q

Oil- made of
Coal- made of
Natural gas- made of

A

Oil- hydrocarbons
Coal- carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Natural gas- methane gas (CH4)

67
Q 
Coal types 
Anthracite
Bituminous
Subbitumimous
Lignite
A

An- almost pure carbon

Bit- second purest

68
Q

Most abundant fossil fuel

A

Coal

69
Q

Disadvantages to coal burning

A

Carbon dioxide
Nitrogen oxides
Mercury*********
Suffer dioxide

70
Q

Getting pollutants out of coal burned fly ash

A

Scrubbers (liquid)

71
Q

Natural gas

A

Produces only carbon dioxide and water

-may explode

72
Q

Nuclear energy

A

Uranium 238

73
Q

Nuclear fusion

A

Fusion- fusing 2 nuclei

74
Q

Renewable energy

A

Hydroelectric
Solar
Wind
Geothermal

75
Q

Passive solar collection vs active

A

Passive - building placement, materials

Active- solar panels or other devices collect sun rays

76
Q

Toxin

Toxicity

A

Toxin- damages living organisms when invested in sufficient amounts

Toxicity- degree of harmfulness

77
Q

Threshold dose
Chronic effect
Acute effects

A

Threshold- where negative effect occurs
Chronic- long exposure to low levels
Acute- short exposure to high levels

78
Q

Natural are pollution examples

A 
Pollen
Dust
Mold
Spores 
Fires
Volcanic ash
79
Q

Primary vs secondary pollutants

A

Primary- released directly into atmosphere

Secondary-combination of primary pollutants

80
Q

Major pollutants in air

A 
CO
Pb (lead)
O3 (ozone)
NO2
SO2
Particulars
81
Q

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)

A

Industrial combustion

Combination of nitrogen and oxygen at high temps

82
Q

Suffer dioxide (so2)

A

Released through combustion of coal, metal smelting, paper pulping, brining fossil fuels
-reduced by scrubbers in coal plants

83
Q

Voc- volatile organic compounds

A

Released by several industrial practices

  • dry cleaning
  • propane
84
Q

Smog

A

Churning coal or oil

-CO or CO2 combine with particulate matter

85
Q

Photochemical smog

A

Hot, sunny days

-NOx and VOCs and ozone combine

86
Q

1987 Montreal protocol

A

Called for the end of CFC productions

87
Q

pH of rain

A

5.6

88
Q

Acid rain pH

A

2.3 as low as

89
Q

Catalytic converter

A

Controls all emissions in the car

90
Q

Indoor air pollutants

A

VOC (furniture, carpet, plastic)
Smoking
Radon
Insects, fungi, bacteria, mold

91
Q

Sick building syndrome

A

Majority of buildings occupants experience symptoms that vary based on time spent in building.

-ventilate those buildings

92
Q

Gases contributing to climate change

A

Carbon dioxide
Methane
Nitrous oxide

93
Q

Water pollution caused mainly by?

A

Runoff of excess nutrients

-eutrophication

94
Q 
Water measure
Hardness
Do
Turbidity
bOD
A

Hardness- calcium levels and magnesium
DO- should be height to support life (warm = less DO)
Turgidity- density of suspended particles
BOD- rate of which bacteria observe O in water

95
Q

Founder of the Sierra club

A

John Muir

96
Q

First earth day

A

April 22 1970

97
Q

Rachel Carlson

A

Wrote- silent spring

Got people concerned with environmental issues

98
Q

Green tax

A

Raises taxes on consumption

99
Q

Science labs stuff

A 
Observations
Research
Hypothesis
Prediction
Design experiment
Gather data
Draw conclusion

APES (8 decks)

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