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APES > Interactions (environment And Organisms) And Communities > Flashcards

Interactions (environment And Organisms) And Communities Flashcards

0
Q

Describe the process of succession from pioneer to climax community in both TERRESTRIAL and AQUATIC

A 
T- 1. Rocks broken up (nutrients added to soil)
    2. Grasses grow (die and decompose)
    3.  shrubs and bushes grow
    4.  Fast growing trees (pine)
    5. Slow growing trees (oak)
A 1. Sediments get into water
    2. Reeds and grasses grow (trap sediments)
    3. Marsh community grows
    4. Tree species (willow)
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1
Q

Difference between primary and secondary succession

A

P- gradual establishment of biotic communities in lifeless areas where there is no soil (land) and no sediment (aquatic)

S- succession following a destructive event. Soil is not destroyed

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2
Q

What are plants and animals associated with the various biomes

A

Desert

  • cactus, succlents
  • lizards, reptiles

Grasslands

  • insects, bison
  • rabbits, caribou

Forest

  • trees
  • bears, deer, raccoons, stuff
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3
Q

What are the physical environmental factors that determine the kind of climax community that will develop?

A

Short term- Fire, Flood, agriculture

long term- global warming, ice ages

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5
Q

Describe the various FOREST biomes that develop based on TEMPERATURE and RAINFALL

A

Tropical Rainforest
-a shit ton of rain, warmer

Evergreen Forest
-still some rain, cooler

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6
Q

Describe the various kinds of AQUATIC ecosystems and the FACTORS that determiner their characteristics

A

Estuaries- fresh water meets salt water

deep ocean-

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7
Q

List ABIOTIC and BIOTIC factors in n ecosystem

A

A- temp., weather, climate, location

B- tree, animal, and plant life

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8
Q

Describe niche

A

Total way of life or role of a species in an ecosystem. It includes all physical, chemical, and biological conditions a species needs to live and reproduce in an ecosystem.

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8
Q

Describe the process of NATURAL SELECTION as it operates to refine the fit between organism, habitat, and niche

A

The fittest survive. An organism must adapt to its environment and to its niche (conditions needed to live in) conditions

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9
Q 
Describe:
Predator- Prey
Parasite-host
competitive
mutualistic
commensalistic relationships
A

Predator- Prey: Predator hunts prey

Parasite-host: Harms the host

competitive: compete for food, shelter, mates, etc.
mutualistic: both species benefit from this

commensalistic relationships:one is benefited and the other is neither benefited nor harmed.

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10
Q

Community vs. Ecosystem

A

Communities are populations of different species occupying a particular place

Ecosystems are communities of different species interacting with one another and their nonliving environment.

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11
Q

Describe energy flow through an ecosystem

A

Producers- highest level of energy

–90% lost each level up

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12
Q 
Define the role of a:
Producer
herbivore 
carnivore
omnivore
scavenger 
parasite
decomposer
A

Producer -autotrophs, make their own food (converts energy into carbohydrates) herbivore – plant eaters
carnivore – meat eaters
omnivore -plant and meat eaters
scavenger – feed on dead organisms
parasite- draws nutrient at hosts expense
decomposer-break down organic matter and release it back to the nutrient cycle

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14
Q

relate the concept of FOOD WEBS and FOOD CHAINS to trophic levels.

A

bottom (largest)- producers

top (smallest)- top prey

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15
Q

Carbon Cycle

A
  1. carbon dioxide from respiration (breathing) and combustion (burning).
  2. Carbon dioxide is absorbed by producers
  3. Most of the carbon these animals consume however is exhaled as carbon dioxide
  4. The dead organisms (dead animals and plants) are eaten by decomposers in the ground. The carbon that was in their bodies is then returned to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide
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16
Q

Nitrogen Cycle

A

Omitted by: Cars, Factories/ plants, trees Fixation - bacteria change nitrogen into ammonium.
Nitrification - ammonium gets changed into nitrates by bacteria. Nitrates are what the plants can then absorb.
Assimilation - plants get nitrogen. They absorb nitrates from the soil into their roots.
Ammonification - This is part of the decaying process.
Denitrification - Extra nitrogen in the soil gets put back out into the air.

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17
Q

Phosphorous Cycle

A

is the process in which phosphorus travels from its main source of rocks through ecosystems to living organisms.

  • Weathering
  • plants obsorbe some, rest in water
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18
Q

describe the SEVEN main processes involved in the Hydrologic Cycle

A

1) evaporation – conversion of water into water vapor
2) transpiration – evaporation from leaves of water extracted from soil by roots and transported throughout the plant
3) condensation – conversion of water vapor into droplets of liquid water
4) precipitation – rain, sleet, hail or snow
5) infiltration – movement of water into soil
6) percolation – downward flow of water through soil and permeable rock to groundwater storage areas
7) runoff – downslope surface movement back to the sea

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18
Q

Two driving factors behind the Water Cycle

A

Sunlight

Gravity

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19
Q

precipitation vs. condensation nuclei

A

Condensation- condensed water in the atmosphere

Precipitation- water that falls to the earths surface

21
Q

Groundwater
Aquifer
Water table

A

Groundwater- water found underground.
Aquifer- Permeable rocks were groundwater is stored
WT- the top of the ground water

21
Q

Describe THREE significant anthropogenic interventions in the Hydrologic Cycle

A

1) Withdrawing large quantities of fresh water
2) clearing vegetation
3) modifying water quality.

22
Q

Why is the Water Cycle vital to the biosphere

3 functions

A

Circulates water throughout world

  • transports water
  • stores water
  • distributes water
23
Q

Three ways CARBON is essential for biota to function

A

1) It is a building block for carbs, fats, proteins, DNA
2) It is a key component in the earth’s thermostat (as CO2)
3) It is used in photosynthesis

24
Q

Co2 is what percent of earths tropospheric gas

A

0.04%

26
Q

Two largest sinks of Carbon

A

Ocean sediments and continental rocks because the carbon from these areas are cycled very slowly so they are allowed to build up over time.

27
Q

Why is the NITROGEN CYCLE significant to biota

A

Organisms need nitrogen to make many organic compounds (proteins, DNA, and RNA)

28
Q

Two major ways NITROGEN is “fixed”

A

1) By cyanobacteria in soil and water
2) Rhizobium bacteria living in small nodules on the root systems of certain plants
3) lighting

29
Q

Nitrogen fixation

A

specialized bacteria convert gaseous nitrogen to ammonia (NH3) that can be used by plants.

30
Q

nitrification

A

the ammonia in soil is converted by specialized aerobic bacteria to nitrite ions (NO2-), which are toxic to plants and nitrate ions (NO3-), which are easily taken up by the plants

31
Q

assimilation

A

plant roots absorb inorganic ammonia, ammonium ions, and nitrate ions and use these ions to make nitrogen-containing organic compounds (DNA, proteins)

32
Q

ammonification

A

specialized decomposer bacteria convert the nitrogen-rich organic wastes into ammonia (NH3) and ammonium ions (NH4+)

33
Q

denitrification

A

specialized bacteria convert the ammonia and ammonium ions back into nitrite and nitrate ions and then into nitrogen gas and nitrous oxide (N2O)

34
Q

Major sinks of NITROGEN

A

1) the atmosphere (78% N2)

2) in continental rocks

34
Q

HOW IS PHOSPHORUS IMPORTANT TO BIOTA

A

It is an essential nutrient of both plants and animals (DNA, ATP, certain fats, and bones, teeth and shells)

35
Q

Why does phosphorus not circulate greatly throughout the atmosphere

A

There are no common gaseous forms of phosphorous, and is only found in the atmosphere as particles of dust.

36
Q

largest sinks of phosphorus

A

1) Terrestrial rocks
2) ocean sediments
3) water

37
Q

why does phosphorus have a bad effect on aquatic areas

A

eutrophication

  • excess phosphorus
  • rapid plant growth
  • Algae bloom
39
Q 
Phosphorus influenced by:
Mining phosphorus rock
deforestation
animal waste from livestock
commercial phosphate fertilizers
discharge of municipal sewage
A

a. Mining phosphate rock – adds phosphates to water systems in the form of runoff
b. Deforestation – reduces the amount of phosphates in the soil
c. Animal wastes from livestock feedlots – increase the amount of phosphate in the soil and the local fresh water
d. Commercial phosphate fertilizers in agricultural areas - increase the amount of phosphate in the soil and the local fresh water
e. Discharge of municipal sewage/wastewater treatment facilities - increase the amount of phosphate in the soil and the local fresh water

40
Q

how is sulfur significant to biota

A

In the atmosphere, sulfur can be converted into sulfuric acid which is harmful to plants and animals.

40
Q

two storage areas for sulfur

A

1) Terrestrial rocks

2) ocean sediments

41
Q

describe the types of evolution

A

Divergent- A species breaks into two separates species over time (common ancestor)

Convergent-unrelated species develop similar characteristics

42
Q

FRQ 1- Atmosphere and carbon

  1. Describe the biological process by which carbon is removed from the atmosphere and CONVERTED INTO ORGANIC MOLECULES
    1b. Describe a process in wich carbon is converted from organic molecules to a GAS
A
  1. Photosynthesis: the process by which plants/autotrophs take in carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and convert it into food/ glucose/ sugar
    1b. Animals digest food and produce gases such as methane
43
Q

FRQ 1- Oceans and Carbon

  1. Explain how atmospheric carbon is incorporated into OCEAN sinks
    1a. Identify one TERRESTRIAL sink, that stores carbon for millions of years
A
  1. Carbon (CO2) can be taken up by organisms like phytoplankton for photosynthesis
    1a. Old growth forests
44
Q

FRQ 1
Two human activities that increase the concentration of carbon in the atmosphere
-Identify one environmental issue that results from this

A

Deforestation— reduced carbon storage
Burning Trash- releases carbon

–Reduced air quality, harms animals that breath it

45
Q

FRQ 1

  • How is the phosphorus cycle different from the carbon cycle
  • How is phosphorus necessary to all organisms
A

Phosphorus cycle does not typically have a gas/atmospheric phase

–It is necessary for the formation of DNA and RNA

46
Q

FRQ 2 -ZEBRA MUSCLE

  1. Why are they located primarily in the Eastern US?
  2. How are they introduced into isolated lakes
    - —How can this be prevented
  3. One impact they can have on the aquatic ecosystem
A
  1. The animal was introduced in the eastern U.S. and is still spreading across the continent.
  2. Transported on boats and boat trailers
    - —Wash and inspect boat before and after
  3. Disrupts food chain. eats other animals food :(
47
Q

FRQ 2

  1. Identify one other invasive species and its negative affect
  2. One strategy for controlling an invasive species has been to introduce another nonnative species to control it; this strategy can often have unintended results. Give a specific example of the use of this strategy and discuss a negative impact of introducing a nonnative species to control an invasive species.
  3. Two characteristics that allow invasive species to thrive
A
  1. Rats = Eat bird’s eggs; spread disease.
  2. Mongoose to hunt rats
    - —–Competition for food, fucks up food web
  3. Frequent reproduction
    Great defense skills

APES (8 decks)

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