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APES > Soil Test > Flashcards

Soil Test Flashcards

0
Q

How is soil produced

A

Weathering- rocks are broken down

Erosion- wind and water move pieces

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1
Q

Components of soil

A

Small rocks- made from parent rock
Organic material- humus
Living organisms- bacteria, fungi, ect

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2
Q

What is a soil horizon

A

One layer of a soil profile

O, A, B, and C

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3
Q 
Horizons 
O
A
B
C
A

O- organic layer (leaves, animals, litter, etc)
A- topsoil (minerals and partially decomposed life)
B- subsoil (inorganic matter, broken rock)
C- parent material (inorganic material rocks)

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4
Q

What lies beneath horizon c

A

Parent material/ parent rock

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5
Q

What is humus

A

Decaying organic material (animals, leaves, etc)

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6
Q

Infiltration VS percolation

A

Infiltration- water that travels down from the surface

Percolation- the water passed through soil

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7
Q

What is leaching?

A

Water travels through soil, caring dissolved minerals lower and lower

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8
Q

Four different particle sizes (small to large)

A

Clay (smallest)
Silt
Sand
Gravel (largest)

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9
Q

Tow major fractures that determine soil texture

A

Particle size

Amount of organic matter/ humus

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10
Q

Soil horizon vs soil profile

A

Horizon- a layer

Profile- all layers (horizons)

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11
Q

What is loam?

A

IDEAL SOIL

10-30% clay with an even amount of SAND and SILT

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12
Q

Soil porosity and soil permeability

A

Porosity- the amount of space between soil particles

Permeability- the rate at witch water flows between particles

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13
Q

How long does it take for 1” of topsoil to form

A

200-1000 years

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14
Q

Most of the worlds crops are grown in which TWO BIOMES

A

Grassland (deep, rich soil)

Savanna (cleared forest land)

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15
Q

Which soil particle is most prone to watterloging

A

Clay- the smallest particle –> along time for water to drain

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16
Q

2 main agents of erosion

A

Water (carves away land)
—–with help of gravity——–
Wind (moves water and soil)

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17
Q

2 major detrimental effects of soil erosion

A
  1. Loss of soil fertility and it’s ability to hold water

2. Runoff of sediments into water (pollutes, kills, blocks)

18
Q

Soil texture triangle from lab

A

Look

19
Q

Properties of soil with different textures

A

?

20
Q

Define desertification

A

Degradation of land due to excess crop planting, very razing, tree cutting

21
Q

7 actions that lead to desertification

A 
Over faming
Cut trees
Overgrazing
Harmful chemicals
Littering
Over used land
22
Q

How to reduce soil desertification

A

Responsible farming

23
Q

Define salinization-
3 ways to fix it
3 ways to prevent it

A

Salinization - salt in the soil is pulled to the surface as soil evaporates

Renewing

  1. Stop produce 2-5 years
  2. flush with low salt water
  3. use irrigation pipes

Prevent
Same + farm good

24
Q

Conventional vs conservation tillage

A

Conv- plow the land, break it up, smooth it out

Conserv- little of now soil disruption (plow) to prevent erosion

25
Q

Major drawback to conservation tillage

A

Longer time

More labor required

26
Q

Farmin’ techniques (to reduce erosion)

Terrace, contour, alley, strip

A

Terracing- shelves hold water (slow flow)
Contour- helps retain water
Strip- alternating rows (maintains healthy soil)
Alley cropping- hedges/ blocks between rows of crops

27
Q

Green manure

A

Fresh vegetation, mixed into topsoil to increase organic matter

28
Q

3 benefits of wind blocks

A

Protect crops
Controls wind erosion
Increases pesticide effectiveness

29
Q

How is gully reclamation accomplished

A

Planting (stabilizes soil)

Water channels dug

30
Q

3 ways of Maintaining or restoring soil fertility

A

Solid construction
Restore plant life
Use inorganic fertilizer

31
Q

Disadvantages to using inorganic fertilizers

A 
No humus added to soil
Reduce water holding ability
Lower oxygen content
Only 2 or 3 of 20 nutrients required
Large energy amounts required
Releases nitrous oxide
32
Q

Most common method of increasing soil alkalinity

-what is added

A

Add organic matter

-?

33
Q

Increasing acid

A

Add an acid (sulfur)

34
Q

6 factors increase erosion

A

Over faming
Over grazing
Deforestation
Drainage

35
Q

Sheet
Rill
Gully erosion

A

Sheet– water moves thin surface layer
Rill- water carves small channels
Gully- water creates wide deep channels

36
Q

1985 farm act

A

No cutting reserved land for hay, grazing, or farming

37
Q

Northern coniferous forest BIOME

A

High soil moister

38
Q

Deciduous forest BIOME

A

Rich loamy soil

Rich organic matter

39
Q

Tropical forest Biome

A

Neutrino poor acidic soil

Heavy leeching

40
Q

Grassland

A

Deep soil
Neutrient rich
Decomposition
FARMLAMD

41
Q

Desert

A

Alkaline and salt

No rain

42
Q

FRQ
Leaves do what?
3 abiotic changes because of worms

A

Leaves- aerate the soil and causes the soil to retain water

3 abiotic changes- worms eat leaves, species die off, worms die, unhealthy soil

43
Q

FRQ- 1 chem and 1 phys soil test

A

Chem- k testing

Phys- burn

APES (8 decks)

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