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Neurology > Somatosensory System > Flashcards

Somatosensory System Flashcards

1
Q

State the three components of the somatosensory system

A
  • exteroceptive
  • proprioceptive
  • enteroceptive
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2
Q

Describe the exeroceptive component

A

Cutaneous senses registers information from the surface of the body

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3
Q

Describe the proprioceptive component

A

Monitors posture and movement (muscles, tendons etc)

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4
Q

Describe the enteroceptive component

A

Reports upon the internal state of the body and closely related autonomic function

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5
Q

How many neurones are usually in the sensory pathway?

A

Three

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6
Q

What does a stimulus do?

A

Opens cation selective channels in peripheral terminal of primary sensory afferent leading to a depolarising receptor potential

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7
Q

State five properties of a sensory neuron

A 
Modality 
Threshold
Adaptation rate 
Conduction Velocity 
Site/extent of peripheral termination
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8
Q

For touch/pressure/vibration what is the stimulus and unit?

A

Mechanical forces act on skin mechanorecptors

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9
Q

For proprioception what is the stimulus and unit?

A

Mechanical forces act on muscle and joint mechanoreceptors

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10
Q

For heat what is the stimulus and unit?

A

Heat acts on thermoreceptors

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11
Q

For pain what is the stimulus and unit?

A

Strong force/heat act on mechanical, thermal and polymodal nociceptors

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12
Q

For itch what is the stimulus and unit?

A

Irritant acts on itch receptors

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13
Q

What does threshold relate to?

A

The intensity of stimulus required to excite a sensory unit

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14
Q

Describe low threshold

A

Responds to low intensity (non-damaging stimuli)

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15
Q

Give two examples of low threshold receptors

A

LT mechanoreceptors - fine discrimatory touch

LT thermoreceptors - mediate cold to hot

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16
Q

Describe high threshold

A

respond to high intensity (damaging stimuli)

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17
Q

What are polymodal nociceptors?

A

At least 2 modalities

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18
Q

Give examples of high threshold receptors

A

HT mechanoreceptors - mechanical stimuli
HT thermal nociceptors - >45C and <10-15C
HT Chemical nociceptors - substances in tissue

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19
Q

What is adaptation?

A

Determines whether they change their firing rate in response to a stimulus of changing intensity or continuously throughout

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20
Q

Name three types of adaptation

A
  • slowing adapting/tonic
  • fast adapting/dynamic
  • very fast adapting/dynamic
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21
Q

Describe slowly adapting/tonic

A

Continuous information to CNS, provides information about position, degree of stretch, or force e.g stretch receptors

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22
Q

Describe fast adapting/dynamic

A

Detects changes in stimulus strength, number of impulses proportional to rate of change of stimulus e.g hair follicles

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23
Q

Describe very fast adapting

A

Only responds to very fast movement such as rapid vibration e.g pacinian corpuscle

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24
Q

How many groups of different neurons are there?

A

4

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25
Q

What receptors have group one fibres?

A

Prioprioceptors of skeletal muscle - thick myelination and quick velocity

26
Q

Which receptors have group two fibres?

A

Mechanoreceptors of skin - moderate myelination and moderate velocity

27
Q

Which receptors have group three fibres?

A

Pain and temperature - think myelination and slower velocity

28
Q

State the type of receptor that has group four fibres

A

Temperature, pain, itch - no myelination and very slow velocity

29
Q

What can the peripheral branch tips be?

A

Free nerve endings

Associated with specialised structures

30
Q

Define receptive filed

A

Target territory from which a sensory unit can be excited

31
Q

What does a small RF mean?

A

High acuity and high density - also has high discrimination

32
Q

What does large RF mean?

A

Low acuity and low density - low discrimination

33
Q

Describe the two point discrimination

A

Simultaneously apply two stimuli at different sites on the body surface - subject reports on whether one point or two are sensed

34
Q

Name the sensory receptors in skin

A
  • free nerve endings
  • meissner’s corpuscles
  • merkels discs
  • hair end organs
  • Krause end bulbs (dry skin - mucous membrane)
  • Ruffini endings (dermis and joints)
  • Pacinian corpuscles (dermis and fascia_
35
Q

How can low threshold mechanoreceptors be classified?

A

Rates of adaptation - Fast and slow

Size of receptive field - small (1), wide (2)

36
Q

Histologically what do low threshold mechanoreceptors comprise of?

A

Receptor and parent fibre

37
Q

What does threshold for detecting vibration correspond to?

A

The tuning threshold of mechanoreceptor

38
Q

What is the grey matter of the spinal cord divided into?

A

Ten distinct laminae of rexed (pain - touch-proprioception from posterior to anterior)

39
Q

Name the two key fasciculus of the dorsal column

A
  • gracilis

- cuneatus

40
Q

What order in the dorsal column do the map of sensory inputs appear?

A

Lateral to medial

Cervical - thoracic - lumbar - sacral

41
Q

What is the function of the dorsal column tract?

A

Conveys proprioceptive information to the brain

42
Q

Describe the pathway of the dorsal column

A
  1. Dorsal horn
  2. Fasciulus (gracilis T6 and below, cuneatus above T6)
  3. Nucleus in medulla where they cross over and synapse
  4. Ventral posterior lateral nucleus of thalamus
  5. Posterior internal capsule
  6. Primary somatosensory cortex
43
Q

What are the functions of the dorsal column tract?

A
  • stereognosis (ability to recognise an object by feeling it)
  • vibration detection
  • fine touch
  • conscious proprioception
  • weight discrimination
44
Q

What is contrast enhancement?

A

As information is conveyed from one neuron to the next in a sensory pathway differences in the activity of adjacent neurons are amplified

45
Q

What is lateral inhibition?

A

When one neuron is active it inhibits the activity of its neighbours via inhibitory interneurons

46
Q

What is the purpose of lateral inhibition?

A

Sharpens the stimulus

47
Q

How many trigeminothalamic tracts are there?

A

Two

48
Q

Where are the soma of trigeminal sensory neurons?

A

Trigeminal ganglion

49
Q

Name the trigeminal sensory nuclei

A
  • mesencephalic
  • pontine trigeminal
  • spinal nucleus
50
Q

What happens to trigeminal nerves after the reach the nucleus?

A

Dessucate and project via the trigeminal lemniscus to the ventroposteriomedial nucleus of the thalamus and then via the thalamocortical neurons to the cortex

51
Q

Where is the somatosensory cortex?

A

Post central gyrus of the parietal cortex

52
Q

What is the name given to the different areas of the somatosensory cortex?

A

Brodmann Areas

53
Q

State the four brodmanns areas

A

1 - cutaneous (texture discrimination)
2 - joint afferents, deep tissues (pressure/joint position)
3a - proprioceptors (body position)
3b - cutaneous, FA1 (touch)

54
Q

What two things does the homunculus portray?

A

Area innervated

Density of sensory input

55
Q

How many layers make up the somatosensory cortex?

A

Six cell layers

56
Q

Where do the thalamic inputs terminate?

A

Layer IV and then project to cells towards the surface and deeper layers

57
Q

What happens to the sensory area of an amputated finer?

A

It will respond to stimulation of the adjacent digits

58
Q

Can sensory input increase?

A

Yes, the size of the cortex can increase e.g violin players

59
Q

What happens at the posterior parietal cortex?

A

Receives and integrates information from inputs and other cortical areas - visual, auditory and the thalamus

60
Q

What can happen if you damage your posterior parietal cortex?

A

Bizzare neurological disorders with simple sensory skills in tact

Neurology (29 decks)

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