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Neurology > Auditory & Vestibular System > Flashcards

Auditory & Vestibular System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the principle structure of the auditory/vestibular systems?

A

Hair cell

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2
Q

Describe the structure of a hair cell

A

Stereocilia form TMC1 channels which open when stereocilia tilt towards the kinocilium

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3
Q

Name the structure that acts as a ligand to these channels

A

Tip links

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4
Q

What happens when the TMC1 channels open?

A

Potassium entry causes the cell body to release glutamate onto efferent nerve endings to generate AP

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5
Q

State the 6 steps involved in hearing

A
  1. Sound waves his the tympanic membrane causign it to vibrate
  2. Vibrations pass from malleus to incus to stapes and end on the ovale window
  3. Travel through perilymph in bony labyrinth (scala vestibuli and scala tympani)
  4. Movement through perilymph causes basilar membrane to vibrate which moves the hair cells in organ of corti
  5. Ion channels open and depolarisation occurs leading to action potentials
  6. APs travel to the spiral ganglion and the cochlear nerve
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6
Q

Once the AP reaches the cochlear nerve where does it travel?

A 
Cochlear nucleus 
Superior olivary nucleus 
Inferior colliculus (via lateral lemniscus)
Medial geniculate body 
Superior temporal gyrus
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7
Q

Which process is the superior olivary nucleus important in?

A

Stapedial and tensor tympani reflexes

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8
Q

Is the input from the cochlear nerve bilateral or unilaterla

A

Bilateral

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9
Q

Name the two types of hair cell

A

Inner and outer

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10
Q

What separates the inner and outer hair cells?

A

Rods of corti

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11
Q

Describe the difference between inner and outer hair cells

A

Inner - increased convergence, afferent signals

Outer - efferent signals from olivary complex, stiffness and vibration

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12
Q

Are there more inner or outer hair cells?

A

Outer

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13
Q

Where are stereocilia tips embedded?

A

Tectorial membrane

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14
Q

What does the organ of corti sit on?

A

Basilar membrane

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15
Q

What ion is important in transduction and what direction does it move?

A

Potassium ion current is inwards

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16
Q

Why is potassium movement inwards and not outwards?

A

Due to high potassium ion concentration in the endolymph

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17
Q

What structures are vital in the re-entry of potassium in the endolymph?

A

Channels
Transporters
Gap junction networks

18
Q

Define tonotopy

A

Ability of the brain to identify pitch

19
Q

How does the basilar membrane allow tonotopy?

A

It has variable flexibility/width and vibrate in sync with fluid motion

20
Q

Describe the shape of the basilar membrane

A

Narrow towards the ovale window and wide towards the helicotrema

21
Q

Where do high frequency sound signals terminate?

A

Posteromedial cortex

22
Q

Where do low frequency sound signals terminate?

A

Anterolateral cortex

23
Q

What is special about the structure of outer hair cells?

A

Have a motor protein present that can alter the length of the cell

24
Q

What is the place code?

A

Location along the membrane where glutamate is released

25
Q

What is the temporal code?

A

Correspondance of action potentials to peaks of frequency

26
Q

Name the three cochlear nuclei

A
  • dorsal
  • posteroventral
  • anteroventral
27
Q

What structure is most important for locating sound?

A

Lateral and medial superior olive

28
Q

Name the huge post-synaptic density which is almost as big as a cell body

A

Calyx of Held

29
Q

What is the function of the vestibular system?

A

Information about gravity, rotation and acceleration

30
Q

Name the three key parts of the vestibular system

A
  • peripheral sensory apparatus
  • central processing system
  • motor output system
31
Q

What is the function of the sensory apparatus?

A

Detects and relays information to the vestibular nucleus about head angular and linear velocity
Orientates the head respective to gravity

32
Q

What is the function of the semicircular canals?

A

Act to detect movements via rotary acceleration

33
Q

Describe the structure of the semicircular canal

A

Crista - sheet of cells where hair cells cluster
Capula - stereo cilia are embedded
Ampulla - bulge along the canal with capula and crista

34
Q

What does movement of fluid in the endolymph cause?

A

Displacement of capula

35
Q

What is the function of otolith organs?

A

Sense linear acceleration and gravity

36
Q

Name the two otolith organs

A

Saccule and utricle

37
Q

What is the macula?

A

Structure where the hair cells and supporting cells are embedded

38
Q

What is otoconia made of?

A

Calcium carbonate

39
Q

What is the striola?

A

Subdivides the saccule and utricle and arranges the otoconia into narrow trenches dividing each otolith

40
Q

Name three vestibular reflexes

A

Vestibulo-ocular
Vestibulo-colic
Vestibulo-spinal

Neurology (29 decks)

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