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SF4 Exam 2 > Somatic Growth > Flashcards

Somatic Growth Flashcards

1
Q

two periods of rapid postnatal growth occur when

A

infancy (birth to 2 years)

late puberty

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2
Q

important factors influencing birth size

A

genetic factors
the placenta
the maternal environment
hormones and growth factors

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3
Q

what relationship is there between placenta and birth size

A

direct correlation b/w placental weight and birth weight

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4
Q

infants born to women living at higher altitudes tend to be what compared to those born to women living at low altitudes

A

lower birth weight

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5
Q

infants with varied forms of insulin resistance are what at birth (in terms of size)

A

very small

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6
Q

infants born to diabetic mothers are what at birth (in terms of size)

A

high birth weight

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7
Q

IGFs and IGFBPs have what role in fetal growth

A

essental role in stimulating fetal growth

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8
Q

fetal IGF production (difference from adult IGF)

A

independent of GH stimulation

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9
Q

IGF-1 levels at term are directly correlated to what

A

birth weight

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10
Q

what happens to growth rate after birth

A

decelerates

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11
Q

estimation of boys target height is done using what equation

A

((moms height+5 inches) + fathers height)/2

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12
Q

estimation of girls target height is done using what equation

A

((fathers height-5 inches) + moms height)/2

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13
Q

the principal extrinsic regulator of postnatal growth is

A

adequate nutrition

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14
Q

for adequate nutrition particular importance must be made for what

A

dietary protein
essential vitamins and minerals
adequate caloric consumption

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15
Q

major cause of short stature world-wide is

A

malnutrition

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16
Q

what hormones have influence on growth prenatally

A

IGFs

insulin

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17
Q

what hormone exclusively facilitates postnatal growth

A

sex steroids

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18
Q

what is the most important hormone involved in promoting postnatal growth

A

GH

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19
Q

IGF-1 levels peak when in life

A

pubertal growth spurt

20
Q

in the absence of GH thyroid hormones do what to growth

A

do not promote it

21
Q

in hypothyroid patients what are circulating levels of GH and IGF-1

A

both have low circulating levels

22
Q

GH secretion in response to provocative stimuli is diminished in patients with what

A

hypothyroidism

23
Q

treatment of hypothyroid with thyroxine does what to plasma GH and IGF-1 levels

A

both increase

24
Q

growth spurt at puberty accounts for how much of person stature and is due to what

A

15% of final stature

due to sex steroids

25
Q

sex steroids promote what (in terms of growth)

A

linear growth

maturation and fusion of the epiphyseal growth plate

26
Q

how do sex steroids increase growth velocity at puberty

A

stimulating growth hormone

27
Q

what is the principle hormone that stimulates increase in GH secretion

A

estradiol (for both males and females)

28
Q

what is the principle hormone responsible for stimulating growth plate maturation and fusion in both males and females

A

estradiol (E2)

29
Q

testosterone can be converted to estradiol via what enzyme

A

aromatase

30
Q

defective aromatase gene in boys (what happens)

A

no growth spurt

31
Q

androgens are what

A

potent anabolic steroids

32
Q

androgens promote what in males during puberty

A

promote marked increase in muscle mass

33
Q

testosterone is thought to do what to cortical bone

A

increase thickness via stimulating periosteal bone expansion

34
Q

insulin promotes what and inhibits what

A

promotes anabolism and inhibits protein catabolism

35
Q

what happens to proteins in absence of insulin

A

protein breakdown

36
Q

excessive amounts of glucocorticoids do what to normal growth

A

interfere- decrease proliferation of chondrocyte

37
Q

glucocorticoids are what type of agent

A

potent catabolic agents

38
Q

in a patient with excess glucocorticoids, removal of excess does what and to what extent

A

period of increased (catch-up) growth

usually not complete

39
Q

hypothalamic cause(s) of GH deficiency

A

GHRH deficiency

40
Q

target tissue cause(s) of GH deficiency

A

GH receptor deficiency

inability to produce IGF-1

41
Q

Laron Dwarfism (cased by what)

A

deletions or mutations of the gene for GH receptor (type 1)

42
Q

patients with Laron Dwarfism have what levels of circulating GH

A

high levels

43
Q

if a patients does not produce IGF in response to GH administration they may have what

A

laron dwarfism

44
Q

type 2 Laron Dwarfism (issue)

A

post GH receptor defects

45
Q

consequences of GH deficiency

A

dwarfism in children

46
Q

dwarfism (symptoms)

A 
short stature
delayed bone development
delayed puberty
mild obesity
tendency toward hypoglycemia
47
Q

pituitary cause(s) of GH deficiency

A

somatotrope destruction by a tumor
production of a defective GH molecule
decreased GH production

SF4 Exam 2 (13 decks)

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