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SF4 Exam 2 > Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

Female Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

estrogens (name them)

A

Estradiol (E2)
Estrone (E1)
Estriol (E3)

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2
Q

what estrogen is produced by placenta during pregnancy

A

estriol (E3)

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3
Q

what estrogen is derived primarily from peripheral conversion

A

estrone (E1)

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4
Q

principel post-menopausal estrogen is

A

estrone (E1)

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5
Q

principle steroid hormones secreted by ovaries are

A

estradiol
progestrone
androstenedione

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6
Q

what female steroid hormones have negative feedback effects and where

A

estradiol and progesterone

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7
Q

estrogen synthesis requires what two cells

A

thecal cells

granulosa cells

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8
Q

what cells synthesize androgens in females

A

thecal cells

interstitial cells of the ovarian storma

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9
Q

what cells synthesize estrogens

A

granulosa cells from the androgens synthesized in thecal cells

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10
Q

thecal cells (location and what they helps with)

A

close to blood vessels gives them ample supply of LDL

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11
Q

thecal cells (what do they have and what do they make)

A

enzymes to syntheszie androgens from cholesterol

primary androgen is androstenedione

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12
Q

why can’t thecal cells produce estrogens

A

no aromatase

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13
Q

granulosa cells have limited access to what and why

A

LDL due to basal lamina that separate it from vascular supply

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14
Q

what enzyme do granulosa cells not have required for estrogen synthesis

A

do not have 17-alpha-hydroxylase activity (can’t convert progesterone or pregnenolone to androgens)

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15
Q

what enzymes do granolas cells have required for estrogen synthesis

A

aromatase (high levels)

convert androgens from thecal cells to estrogens

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16
Q

why do granulosa cells produce more estradiol than estrone

A

express isoform of 17-beta-HSD that converts estrone to estradiol

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17
Q

LH binds what cells and induces what via what pathway

A

binds thecal cells

induce androgen biosynthesis via cAMP pathway

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18
Q

FSH binds what cells and induces what how

A

Granulosa cells and induces aromatase enzyme expression via cAMP pathway

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19
Q

Progestins (what are they)

A

steroids that promote gestation

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20
Q

what is most potent progestin

A

progestrone

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21
Q

principle source of progesterone in the non-preganant adult is where

A

corpus luteum

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22
Q

what is principle circulating androgen in women

A

testosterone

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23
Q

follicular phase of reproductive cycle in non-pregnant women begins when

A

onset of menstrual bleeding

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24
Q

what phase of reproductive cycle in non-pregnant women is variable in length

A

follicular phase

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25
Q

the follicular phase corresponds to what phases of the endometrial cycle

A

menstrual and proliferative phases

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26
Q

what happens during follicular phase

A

preovulatory follicle develops within the ovary

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27
Q

during follicular phase what is primary hormone

A

estradiol

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28
Q

the ovulatory phase of the reproductive cycle in non-pregant women (how long does it last how long and how does it end)

A

about 46 hours

culminates in ovulation

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29
Q

Luteal Phase of the reproductive cycle in non-pregant women (how long it last)

A

constant length of 13 to 14 days

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30
Q

Luteal Phase of the reproductive cycle in non-pregant women (whats happening)

A

corpus luteum of the ovary secretes both progesterone and estradiol

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31
Q

Luteal Phase of the reproductive cycle in non-pregant women (corresponds to what phase of the endometrial cycle)

A

secreptroy phase

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32
Q

luteal phase ends with what

A

onset of menses

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33
Q

what is the functional unit of the ovary

A

follicle

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34
Q

what does the follicle do

A

sustains the oocyte
produces hormones that regulate reproductive function
responds to endocrine signals that regulate hormone production and promote ovulation
differentiated into an endocrine structure called the corpus lute after ovulation is complete

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35
Q

Primordial Follicles consist of what

A

oocyte surrounded by a single layer of poorly differentiated pregranulosa cells
basal lamina around follicle

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36
Q

pregranulosa cells of primordial follicles are connected to what and how

A

each other and primary oocyte via gap junctions

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37
Q

oocytes arrest when

A 
meiosis I
prophase I (diplotene stage)
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38
Q

arrest of meiosis is thought to be due to

A

the action of the constitutively active G protein GPR3

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39
Q

what do progestins bind what

A

corticosteroid-binding globulin and albumin in plasma

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40
Q

when does primordial follicle formation begin and when is it complete

A

fetus and done by 6 months old

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41
Q

when does recruitment of small primordial follicles begin

A

late in fetal life and continues until supply is depleted in menopause

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42
Q

the initiation of growth of primordial follicles happens in the absence of what and probably involves what

A

absence of gonadotropin stimulation

probably involves intraovarian signals

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43
Q

what happens when primordial follicles leave the pool of inactive follicels

A

membrane called zona pellucida is formed around oocyte

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44
Q

primary follicle (what is it)

A

formed when zona pellucida forms around oocyte and granulosa cells begin to assume cuboidal shape and undergo mitosis
oocyte and granulosa cells increase in size

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45
Q

primary follicles mature into what

A

preantral follicles

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46
Q

mature pre-antral follicle has basal lamina surrounded by what

A

thecal layer formed from stromal cells

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47
Q

the thecal layer of mature preantral follicles is made in response to what

A

paracrine factors produced by the granulosa cells

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48
Q

as the oocyte grows what does it secrete and to where

A

extra cellular proteins (ZP1, ZP2, ZP3) into the zona pellucida

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49
Q

what to the extracellular proteins(ZP1, ZP2, ZP3) secreted by the oocyte while it grows do

A

provide species-specific binding sites for sperm cells

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50
Q

granolas cells and the oocyte project what through the zona pellucid and what do they maintain

A

cellular extensions that maintain gap junctions

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51
Q

what do granulosa cells begin to secrete as they grow

A

FSH and estrogen receptors (but not estrogen and still require paracrine factors to grow)

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52
Q

the granulosa layer remains avascular until when

A

after ovulation

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53
Q

what is atresia

A

form of programmed cell death that occurs at all stages of follicular development

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54
Q

atresia mainly affects what cells

A

oocytes and granulosa cells

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55
Q

what factors appose apoptosis of the follicle

A

certain endogenous factors

FSH

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56
Q

factors that promote atresia are?

A

tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha)
androgens
IL-6

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57
Q

the growing antral follicle phase is characterized by what

A

stratification of the granulosa cells and the formation of a fluid-filled antrum which increases in size as the follicle matures

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58
Q

early antral follicles become response to what

A

growth-promoting effects of FSH

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59
Q

larger angular follicles becomes highly dependent on what for growth and survival

A

FSH

60
Q

thecal cells have what receptors and mainly secrete what

A

LH receptors

major secretion is androstenedione

61
Q

FSH stimulates the expression of what in granulosa cells

A

aromatase

62
Q

mural granulosa cells in large astral follicles secrete what

A

inhibin B

63
Q

granulosa cells divide into what two populations as the smaller antral follicle grows

A

mural cells

cumulus cells

64
Q

mural granulosa cells are where

A

in close contact with the thecal layer are actively engaged in steroidgenesis

65
Q

early antral follicular growth is independent of what

A

gonadotropins

66
Q

what happens to mural cells after ovulation

A

retained and differentiate into corpus luteum

67
Q

what do cumulus granulosa cells do

A

surround oocyte and maintain gap junctions with oocyte

68
Q

what happens to cumulus granulosa cells after ovulation

A

released with oocyte and facilitate capture of oocyte by the ciliated fallopian tubes

69
Q

cyclic recruitment is what and happens when

A

recruitment of a cohort of growing antral follicles about 20 days prior to ovulation for the final stage of rapid growth

70
Q

what happens to the follicles recruited by cyclic recruitment

A

usually only one follicle survives to become a mature graafian (preovulary follicle)

71
Q

dominant follicle (what is it)

A

follicle that survives cyclic recruitment to become a mature gaafian (preovulary) follicle

72
Q

survival of follicles that enter stage of rapid growth to become dominant follicles is dependent on what

A

FSH

73
Q

when does cyclic recruitment start

A

during late luteal phase of preceding cycle

74
Q

what happens during early follicular phase of current cycle

A

dominant follicle is sealed

75
Q

what happens to dominant follicle during mid to late follicular phase of current cycle

A

attainment of dominance and maturation

76
Q

what is indicative of the presence of a dominant follicle

A

dramatic increase in circulating estradiol

77
Q

ovulation occurs when

A

about 10-14 days after dominant follicle is selected

78
Q

FSH stimulates granulosa cells to do what?

A

proliferate and synthesize estradiol (E2)

79
Q

FSH and E2 together induce synthesis of what and what does that do

A

FSH receptor

increase sensitivity of follicle to FSH

80
Q

estradiol has what kind of effect on FSH release

A

negative feedback

81
Q

how does the dominant follicle have FSH to survive the negative feedback caused by rise in E2

A

stored FSH in follicular fluid

82
Q

FSH in the presence of estradiol induces the synthesis of what what and in what type of cells

A

LH receptor in granulosa cells

83
Q

why do granulosa cells need LH receptors

A

to respond to LH surge

84
Q

what produces IGF-1 and what does it do

A

dominant follicle produces it and it enhances granulosa cells responsiveness to FSH

85
Q

LH receptro expression in granulosa cells is induced by what

A

FSH and E2

86
Q

what happens to dominant follicle as its approaches ovulatory phase

A

marked increase in production of antral fluid

gap junctions are lost b/w granulosa cells themselves as well as w/ oocyte

87
Q

Stigma (what is it)

A

poorly vascularized bulge caused by the pressure of the follicle against the surface of the ovary

88
Q

what do cumulus cells do as the attachment of them to mural cells break down right before ovulary phase

A

secrete extracellular matrix components like hyaluronic acid which increase size of the cumulus oocyte complex

89
Q

cumulus expansion

A

the cumulus cells secrete extracellular matrix components like hyaluronic acid which increase size of the cumulus oocyte complex

this happens when the cumulus cells attachment to mural cells break down towards end of follicular phase beginning of ovulatory phase

90
Q

what are released in response to LH stimulation

A

proteolytic enzymes

91
Q

proteolytic enzymes released in response to LH stimulation do what

A

break down extracellular matrix of the thecal layer and the membrane covering the surface of the ovary at the stigma

92
Q

what facilitates the movement of the cumulus-oocyte complex into the fallopian tubes

A

currents produced by the activity of cilia lining the mucosa of fallopian tubes

93
Q

the signal required to induce ovulation is what

A

an abrupt, massive increase in plasma LH (LH surge)

94
Q

LH surge is result of

A

positive feedback effect of estradiol on the pituitary and hypothalamus

95
Q

LH does what to the preovulatory follicle

A

induces release of inflammatory cytokines

induces expression of metalloproteinases

96
Q

LH does what to the preovulatory follicle specifically to granulosa cells

A

induce expression of COX-2 and progesterone receptors

97
Q

LH promotes what from the mural granulosa cells

A

growth factors

98
Q

the growth factors form the mural granulosa cells act on what to do what

A

cumulus granaulosa cells

causes cumulus cells to send signal to oocyte leading to decline in intracellular cAMP levels

99
Q

a decline in intracellular cAMP levels in the oocyte does what

A

allows for completion of first meiotic division and for it to extrude a polar body

100
Q

meiosis in secondary oocyte is arrested where and by what

A

metaphase II by a cytostatic factor until fertilization

101
Q

LH promotes what in cumulus granulosa cells

A

cumulus expansion via growth factors

102
Q

LH alters the endocrine profile of the ovary how

A

temporarily suppresses expression of aromatase genes

promotes reorganization of the postovulatory follicle into the corpus luteum

103
Q

corpus luteum is formed from what

A

remnants of ruptured follicle:
mural granulosa cells
thecal cells

104
Q

LH promotes angiogenesis how

A

inducing the granolas-lutein cells to secrete angiogenesis factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)

105
Q

granulosa-lutein cells are able to obtain cholesterol from circulating LDL and HDL how

A

LH induces breakdown of basal lamina

LH induces expression of LDL and HDL

106
Q

granulosa-lutein cells are missing what enzymes so what do they release

A

androgen synthesizing enzymes

release progesterone

107
Q

progesterone peaks when

A

about day 8 of luteal phase

mid-luteal phase which corresponds to time blastula enters the uterine cavity

108
Q

estrogen production in corpus luteum requires what

A

both granulosa-lutein and theca-lutein cells

109
Q

granulosa-lutein cells secrete what inhibin

A

inhibin A

110
Q

if pregnancy does not occur by day 9 of luteal phase what happens

A

corpus luteum begins to undergo luteolysis

111
Q

luteolysis is marked by what

A

rapid decline in progesterone synthesis

112
Q

what brings about luteolysis

A

decline in LH production due to the negative feedback of estrogen and progesterone

113
Q

end of luteal phase of previous cycle what are FSH and LH levels like

A

FSH levels rising

LH levels constant

114
Q

low levels of estradiol in first half of follicular phase have what kind of effect

A

negative feedback on FSH

115
Q

later part of follicular phase has dramatic increase in circulating levels of what

A

estradiol

116
Q

as concentration of estradiol rises what does it do to hypothalamus and pituitary

A

acts on hypothalamus to increase GnRH pulse generator frequency
acts on pituitary to increase sensitivity of the gonadotropes to GnRH stimulation

117
Q

sure in LH triggered events that promote what

A

ovulation

118
Q

in luteal phase LH promotes what

A

development and secretory activity of corpus luteum

119
Q

secretory products of corpus luteum are

A

progesterone
estradiol
inhibin A

120
Q

progesterone has what effect on gonadotropin release and where

A

negative feedback on gonadotropin release both at the level of the hypothalamus and at the level of the pituitary

121
Q

estradiol and inhibin A have what effect and where

A

negative feedback on anterior pituitary

122
Q

luteolysis does what to corpus luteum production of hormone

A

hormone production declines

123
Q

when corpus luteum fails what happens to levels of steroid hormone and FSH

A

steroid hormone levels decline

FSH levels increase

124
Q

circulating inhibin B levels can be used as a clinical marker for what

A

assess FSH mediated granulosa cell function

125
Q

circulating inhibin A levels can be used as a clinical marker for what

A

LH-medated corpus luteum function

126
Q

estradiol induces growth of what during proliferative phase of endometrial cycle

A

uterine glands

127
Q

principle action of estradiol on uterus is what

A

restore endometrial lining

128
Q

estradiol prepares the uterus for progesterone-induced endometrial differentiation

A

increasing the expression of progesterone receptors

129
Q

estradiol on epithelial cell growth is due in large to what

A

estradiol-mediated production of growth factors by stomal cells

130
Q

estradiol promotes the development and elongation of what during proliferative phase of endometrial cycle

A

spiral arteries

131
Q

secretory phase of uterine cycle coincides with what phase of endometrial cycle

A

luteal phase

132
Q

during secretory phase of endometrial cycle what is happening with progesterone and estradiol

A

both being secreted by corpus luteum

133
Q

progesterone does what to epithelial cell proliferation

A

inhibits it

134
Q

during luteal phase (secretory phase of endometrial) progesterone has what affect on estradiol

A

attenuates its actions by down regulating estrogen receptor

135
Q

major function of progesterone during secretory phase

A

promote differentiation of the endometrium and enhances secretory capacity

136
Q

net effect of progesterone-induced changes is

A

to prove nutrients for the unfair the unattached embryo and to prepare the endometrium for implantation an pregnancy

137
Q

if implantation does not occur the uterus enters what

A

menstrual phase

138
Q

menstual phase is characterized by what

A

endometrium ischemia, tissue necrosis and the shedding of the endometrium

139
Q

what leads to the onset of menses

A

drop in estrogen and progesterone

140
Q

what induces uterine contractions

A

PGF2alpha

141
Q

stage 1 of puberty in girls is

A

preadolescent development: breasts are flat without any puffiness in the nipple or areola

142
Q

stage 2 of puberty in girls is

A

development of breast buds

143
Q

stage 3 of puberty in girls is

A

characterized by growth of tissue around the aerials which give breasts a round shape

144
Q

stage 4 of puberty in girls is

A

further growth of the breast tissue coupled with increase in size of nipples and areolas

145
Q

stage 5 of puberty in girls is

A

fully mature breasts

146
Q

estrogens stimulate the synthesis of what receptor

A

progesterone

SF4 Exam 2 (13 decks)

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