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SF4 Exam 2 > Male Reproductive System > Flashcards

Male Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

major functions of adult testes

A

spermatogenesis

steroid hormone synthesis

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2
Q

steroid hormone synthesis in male testis occurs where

A

leydig cells

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3
Q

spermatogeneis (when does it occur)

A

begins at puberty and continues well into senescence

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4
Q

lower temp of testis is critical for what

A

normal spermatogenesis

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5
Q

majority of estradiol in males is made where and from what

A

adipose tissue from testosterone

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6
Q

androgens produced by testis are (which one is major)

A

testosterone (major)
androstenedione
DHEA

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7
Q

testosterone is bound to what

A

sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG)-40-60%

albumin

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8
Q

what testosterone is bioavailable

A

free (2-3%)

bound to albumin (40-60%)

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9
Q

LH receptor (what is it)

A

G-protein coupled receptor

activates cAMP pathway

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10
Q

the LH receptor activates PKA which phosphorylates what to increase transcription of genes involved in steroidogenesis

A

CREB

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11
Q

LH caused phosphorylation of CREB increases traslocation of what genes

A

StAR
CYP 11A (P450scc)
CPY 17 (17-alpha-hydroxylase/17,20lyase)
proteins/enzymes in cholesterol synthesis and uptake

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12
Q

what happens to newly synthesized androgens

A

diffuse to neighboring seminiferous tubules and into capillaries where they enter systemic circulation

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13
Q

testosterone can be converted into what

A

other biologically active steroids

excretory metabolites

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14
Q

in some tissues testosterone is converted to what more potent androgen and by what

A

dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by

5-alpha-reductase

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15
Q

give an example of an androgen effect that requires DHT not testosterone

A

virilization of external genitalia during embryonic development

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16
Q

5-alpha-reductase inhibitors are useful for what

A

treating benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer

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17
Q

testosterone can be metabolized by an aromatase enzyme to form what

A

estradiol

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18
Q

where does aromatization of testosterone occur

A

certain CNS nuclei
Leydig and Sertoli Cells
adipose tissue

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19
Q

inactivation of testosterone occurs primarily where

A

liver

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20
Q

elimination of testosterone is enhanced if it is conjugated to what

A

glucuronic acid or sulfate

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21
Q

leydig cells differentiate from what type of cells when

A

mesenchymal cells during weeks 8-9

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22
Q

primary stimulus for early leydig cells is thought to be

A

hCG

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23
Q

when do gonadotropins appear to be affecting testosterone secretion

A

mid-gestation

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24
Q

levels of testosterone during childhood are what (whens the exception)

A

relatively low except at neonatal surge

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25
Q

the rise in testosterone during puberty corresponds to a rise in plasma concentrations of what

A

LH

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26
Q

what does LH do

A

promotes androgen biosynthesis in Leydig cells

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27
Q

what happens to androgen production in males over time

A

age-related decline in total serum testosterone begins 4-5th decade of life

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28
Q

what age-related event in males leads to a further decrease in bioavailable testosterone in men

A

age-related increase in SHBG

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29
Q

what type of receptor is the androgen receptor

A

ligand-activated transcription factor

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30
Q

androgen receptor has highest affinity for what

A

DHT

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31
Q

the androgen receptor binds DNA when

A

hormone is bound to its appropriate binding site on receptor

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32
Q

in the fetus androgens do what

A

promote the differentiation of male reproductive tract and external genitalia

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33
Q

at puberty androgens do what

A

promote growth and maturation of reproductive structures

development of male secondary sexual characteristics

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34
Q

in adult androgens do what

A

maintain functional integrity of reproductive system

enlargement of larynx and thickening of vocal cords

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35
Q

androgens promote what in terms of proteins

A

anabolism

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36
Q

androgens regulate what

A

spermatogenesis

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37
Q

in both genders androgens do what

A

promote hair and sebaceous gland growth

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38
Q

actions of androgens that aren’t age specific

A

behavioral effects and libido
stimulate erythropoietin synthesis (increased hematocrit)
negative feedback on gonadotropin release
bone growth

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39
Q

testosterones actions on bone growth are mediated by what

A

estradiol

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40
Q

testosterone (via estradiol) promotes bone growth how

A

stimulate GH release
stimulate pubertal growth spurt
promote closure of epiphyseal plate

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41
Q

what lines the basal lamina of seminiferous tubules

A

Sertoli cells

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42
Q

principle function of sertoli cells is what

A

transfer nutrients from developing germ cells and create and environment that is conducive for germ cell differentiation into mature spermatozoa

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43
Q

what divides seminiferous tubules into two functional compartments

A

tight junctions between sertoli cells

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44
Q

the tight junctions b/w sertoli cells form what

A

“blood-testis” barrier

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45
Q

as primary spermatocytes migrate from basal compartment into adluminal compartment what happens

A

tight junctions disassemble and reassemble

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46
Q

what do sertoli cells phagocytize

A

cytoplasm released by spermatozoa during spermiogenesis

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47
Q

sertoli cells secrete what

A

Androgen Binding Protein (ABP)
Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH)
Inhibins and activins
Estradiol

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48
Q

Androgen Binding Protein (ABP)

what is its function

A

serves to keep testosterone levels elevated in the seminiferous tubules and epididymis

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49
Q

ABP secreted from sertoli cells has the same structure as what

A

sex-hormone binding globulin from liver

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50
Q

what stimulates ABP secretion from sertoli cells

A

testosterone and FSH

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51
Q

sertoli cell function can be assessed by what

A

ABP secretion

Inhibin B

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52
Q

sertoli cells secrete what that are members of the TGF-beta family

A

AMH
activins
inhibins

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53
Q

AMH (what does it do)

A

regression of mullein ducts in the male embryo

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54
Q

AMH (signal is transmitted how)

A

2 transmembrane serine-thronine kinase receptors

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55
Q

AMH binds what receptor

A

type II serine-threonine kinase

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56
Q

type II serine-threonine kinase receptor (what special about it)

A

constitutively phosphorylated receptor

57
Q

AMH-bound type two receptor does what

A

recruits a type 1 receptor and phosphorylates it

58
Q

phosphorylation of type 1 receptor by AMH bound type II receptor does what

A

activates kinase activity

59
Q

activated type 1 serine-threonine receptor does what

A

phosphorylates Smad3

60
Q

phosphorylation of Smad3 does what

A

unmasks its nuclear localization signal

61
Q

phosphorylated Smad3 forms complex with what

A

other cytoplasmic proteins including non-phosphorylated co-Smad protein Smad4

62
Q

complex of Smad3 and Smad4 does what

A

translocates to nucleus where it regulates transcription of genes that promote apoptosis

63
Q

inhibins and activeness are what (in terms of structure)

A

dimers formed from different combinations of 3 distinct subunits held together by disulfide bonds

64
Q

Inhibin B (what is it)

A

principle circulating inhibin in males

plays role in feedback regulation of FSH

65
Q

what stimulates inhibin B production

A

FSH and testosterone

66
Q

inhibin B what is its effect

A

blocks GnRH-stimulated FSH release by gonadotropes

67
Q

E2 is formed how

A

aromatization of androgens in response to FSH stimulation

68
Q

what are the 3 phases of spermatogenesis

A

mitosis to increase number of spermatogenic
meiosis to provide haploid spermatids
spermiogenesis to transform immature spermatids to matrue spermatozoa

69
Q

what is required to be functional for normal spermatogenesis in adults

A

functional Sertoli cells and intact hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (pulsatile release of GnRH)

70
Q

what is important about the deliver of GnRH

A

pulsatile fashion

71
Q

the principle target of FSH action is

A

spermatogonia

72
Q

FSH actions

A

stimulates inhibin synthesis

73
Q

what hormones are necessary for spermatogenesis

A

LH
FSH
testosterone

74
Q

in human male what is only known cell to express FSH receptor

A

sertoli cell

75
Q

FSH and testosterone work how together

A

synergistically

76
Q

testosterones role in spermatogenesis

A

local regulator

77
Q

low levels of intratesticular testosterone do what

A

result in decreased sperm production

78
Q

blood-epididymis barrier (what is it made from)

A

tight epithelium of epididymis

79
Q

how long to sperm spend maturing and where

A

a month

epididymis

80
Q

what happens to spermatozoa in epididymis

A

coated with substances that block acrosomal reaction (decapacitation)

81
Q

decapacitation (what is it)

A

sperm not having acrosomal action

82
Q

sperm storage sites are

A

epididymis

vas deferens

83
Q

Kallman Syndrome (what is it)

A

form of hypogonadism caused by failure of GnRH secreting cells to migrate from olfactory placode to hypothalamus during embryogenesis

84
Q

Kallman Syndrome (signs/symtoms)

A

Low circulating levels of gonadotropes

Symptoms of androgen deficiency become apparent at puberty and arrested spermatogenesis

85
Q

release of pituitary gonadotropin is a function of what

A

concentration and pattern of GnRH release

86
Q

normal secretory activity of gonadotrope requires what

A

intermittent delivery of GnRH

87
Q

continuous exposure of GnRH does what to gonadotrope activity

A

suppresses it

“functional castration”

88
Q

gonadotropins are released in what kind of pattern

A

pulsatile

secretory bursts

89
Q

onset of puberty is associated with what

A

sleep associated surge in LH release

90
Q

what is puberty

A

transition period where secondary sexual characteristics and reproductive competence develop
adolescent growth spurt also happens

91
Q

in neonate HPG axis is under what control

A

CNS

92
Q

what happens during puberty in terms of HPG axis

A

removal of CNS inhibitory effects on the activity of GnRH- releasing neurons

93
Q

hypothalamic and pituitary changes associated with puberty are

A

decrease in sensitivity to the negative feedback of testosterone
increase amplitude of GnRH pulses
increase in sensitivity of gonadotropes to GnRH

94
Q

during childhood the HPG axis is what

A

relatively quiescent

95
Q

rising gonadotropin levels in the testes does what

A

promotes leydig maturation and secretory activity
promote differentiation and maturation of sertoli cells
initiate onset of spermatogenesis
increase in testicular volume

96
Q

what promotes the anatomical and physiological changes normally associated with puberty

A

increase in circulating levels of testosterone

97
Q

Stage 1 puberty in boys is

A

preadolescent development

98
Q

Stage 2 of puberty in boys is

A

period where testes begin to enlarge

99
Q

first clinical manifestation of puberty in boys

A

enlargement of testes

100
Q

stage 3 of puberty in boys is

A

enlargement of penis

101
Q

stage 4 in puberty in boys is

A

growth of glans penis

102
Q

stage 5 of puberty in boys is

A

adult genitalia

103
Q

what acts at the level of hypothalamus and may be important link b/w nutritional status and reproductive competence

A

leptin

104
Q

what inhibits the hypothalamic pulse generator

A

testosterone

105
Q

inhibit does what

A

inhibits FSH release

106
Q

in the flaccid state what are the helicine arteries like

A

constricted (minimal blood flow)

107
Q

what supplies the cavernous spaces of the penis with blood

A

helicine arteries

108
Q

what covers the corpora cavernosa

A

tunica albuginea

109
Q

rigidity of erection depends on

A

increase in flow of arterial blood (parasympathetics)

decreased venous efflux from compression of venous plexus

110
Q

erectile response is ignited how

A

tactile (low motor neuron reflex) or psychic (mediated over corticospinal pathways)

111
Q

afferents of erection are transmitted how

A

pudendal nerve

112
Q

efferent parasympathetic fibers do what

A

vasodilator the helicine arteries and sinusoidal spaces

113
Q

efferent parasympathetics realize what vasodilatory for erection

A

NO and VIP

114
Q

what can be used to treat erectile disfunction

A

cGMP specific phosphodiesterase inhibitors

115
Q

mucus is secreted from what during sexual stimulation

A

urethral and bulbourethral glands

116
Q

mucus secretion during sexual stimulation is mediated by what

A

parasympathetic nerves

117
Q

what is emission

A

moment of semen into proximal part of urethra

118
Q

emission involves what

A

coordinated rhythmic contractions of vas deferens, ampulla, prostate, and seminal vesicles

119
Q

inhibin has what effect on LH

A

little or no

120
Q

what mediates emissions

A

sympathetics in upper lumbar region of spinal cord

121
Q

the mediation of emission is done how

A

norepi released on alpha 1 receptors

122
Q

function of internal urethral sphincter in ejaculation

A

sympathetics constrict it preventing retrograde into the bladder

123
Q

filling the urethra with semen does what

A

elicits sensory signals from pudendal nerve in the sacral portion

124
Q

when in emission/ejaculation is the sacral portion of the spinal cord used

A

filling of urethra with semen

125
Q

when in emission/ejaculation is the lumbar portion of the spinal cord used

A

mediating emissions

hypogastric nerve

126
Q

what triggers the rhythmic contraction of the started musculature of perineum

A

efferent signals from somatic efferent fibers in pudendal nerve

127
Q

male orgasm is what

A

conscious awareness of contractions associated with ejaculations

128
Q

systemic changes associated with male sexual response

A

increase in:
rate of respiration
heart rate
blood pressure

129
Q

sympathetic stimulation of emission is done by what type of fibers and what neurotransmitter and what receptors

A

sympathetics
norepi
alpha 1

130
Q

clinical manifestations of testicular dysfunctions are

A

infertility
decreased libido
lack of development of secondary sexual characteristics

131
Q

testicular dysfunction before puberty (what features are apparent)

A 
abnormal skeletal proportions
gynecomastia
sparse pubic, axillary, and facial hair
high pitched voice
infantile genitalia
poorly developed musculature
132
Q

Gynecomastia (what is it)

A

estrogens have stimulatory effects on breast tissue while testosterone has inhibitory
so if a male has excessive estrogen exposure or decreased testosterone can get this

133
Q

causes of primary hypogonadism

A

Klinefelter Syndrome
Orchitis
Irradiation

134
Q

orchitis (what is it)

A

inflammation of testes
usually secondary to mumps
seminiferous tubule destruction
leydig cells not affected

135
Q

irradiation of testicles affects what

A

seminiferous tubules more sensitive to irradiation than leydig cells

136
Q

describe FSH, LH, estradiol, and testosterone levels in a patient with klinefelter

A

FSH and LH high
testosterone normal to low
estradiol high

137
Q

what reproductive disorder is often associated with defective sense of smell

A

kallman

138
Q

what reproductive disorder is often associated with fibrotic of hyalanized seminiferous tubules

A

klinefelter syndrome

SF4 Exam 2 (13 decks)

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