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SF4 Exam 2 > Androgens and Glucocorticoids > Flashcards

Androgens and Glucocorticoids Flashcards

1
Q

principle adrenal androgen secreted by zona reticularis

A

dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)

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2
Q

DHEA is secreted primarily as

A

DHEA sulfate (DHEAS)

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3
Q

what serve as indicators of adrenal androgen production

A

DHEA and DHEAS plasma levels

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4
Q

the zona reticularis secretes small amounts of what alongside DHEA

A

androstenedione

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5
Q

metabolism of DHEA is what and why

A

slow

b/c of high affinity for albumin

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6
Q

DHEA and androstenedione (what is their androgen activity like and why)

A

little androgen activity b/c of low affinity for androgen receptor

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7
Q

what happens to DHEA and androstenedione

A

converted to more potent androgens peripherally

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8
Q

fetal adrenal cortex is composed of what

A

outer neocortex

larger inner fetal zone

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9
Q

the outer neocortex of fetal adrenal gland contains what

A

cells that will differentiate into three morphologically distinct zones of the adult adrenal

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10
Q

the inner fetal zone of the fetal adrenal gland does what

A

source of DHEA sulfate

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11
Q

what happens to DHEA sulfates produced by fetal adrenal gland

A

converted to estrogens by placenta

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12
Q

circulating levels of adrenal androgens are relatively constant when

A

early childhood

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13
Q

circulating levels of adrenal androgens begin to rise when

A

6-7 years old in girls

7-8 years old in boys

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14
Q

adrenarche (what is it)

A

age at which circulating levels of adrenal androgens begin to rise

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15
Q

what produces DHEAS in fetus

A

inner fetal zone (involutes at birth)

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16
Q

growth of axillary and pubic hair the proceeds gonadal steroidogenesis is due to what

A

biologically active androgens that are derived from adrenal androgens

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17
Q

adrenarche (relation to puberty)

A

adrenarche does not appear to be involved in the initiation of puberty

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18
Q

adrenal androgens in males after puberty (what about em)

A

unimportant b/c of large amounts of androgens produced by testes

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19
Q

in females androgens are required for what

A

maintenance of libido

growth of pubic and axillary hair

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20
Q

what happens to androgen levels throughout adolescence

A

increase progressively

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21
Q

major source of androgen (for males and for females)

A

males- testes (after puberty)

females- adrenal gland

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22
Q

what plays a role in regulating adrenal androgen secretion

A

ACTH

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23
Q

adrenal androgens do or do not exert a negative feedback effect on ACTH

A

do not

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24
Q

glucocorticoid synthesis occurs where in the adrenal cortex

A

zona fasciculata

zona reticularis

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25
Q

glucocorticoid synthesis occurs in the adrenal cortex in response to what

A

ACTH

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26
Q

most important glucocorticoid in humans

A

cortisol

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27
Q

most accurate estimate of daily cortisol output is

A

24-hour urinary exertion of unmetabolized cortisol

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28
Q

enhanced activity of synthetic glucocorticoids is due to what

A

increased affinity for the glucocorticoid receptor

delayed plasma clearance

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29
Q

what is the principle physiological regulator of cortisol release

A

ACTH

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30
Q

ACTH is the cleavage product of what

A

POMC

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31
Q

ACTH is released from corticotropes in what type of pattern

A

secretory pulses throughout the day

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32
Q

on binding its receptor ACTH stimulates formation of what via what

A

cAMP formation via Gs protein mediated activation of adenylyl cyclase

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33
Q

effects of acute ACTH stimulation are

A

increase in hydrolysis of stored cholesterol esters
increase in synthesis of StAR protein
increase in steroid hormone synthesis
increase in blood flow to adrenal cortex

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34
Q

effects of chronic ACTH stimulation are

A

increase in growth and cell proliferation in the zona fasciculate and reticular
increase in synthesis of steroidogenic enzymes, LDL receptors and other proteins

35
Q

effects of long term suppression of ACTH

A

adrenal gland atrophy

36
Q

excessive ATCH production causes

A

adrenal gland hypertorphy

37
Q

principle regulator of ACTH secretion is

A

corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)

38
Q

CRH stimulates ACTH synthesis and release by what type of mechanism

A

cAMP-dependent

39
Q

AVP promotes ACTH synthesis and release how

A

potentiating the action of CRH by activating IP3 pathway via Gq

40
Q

cortisol is released according to what type of pattern

A

pulsatile (due to pulsatile secretion of ACTH) but in accordance to circadian pattern

41
Q

cortisol release is characterized by what type of rhythm

A

diurnal rhythm

42
Q

cortisol levels are highest when

A

in the morning upon wakening

43
Q

cortisol levels are lowest when

A

in the late evening hours

44
Q

with time changes in sleeping patters dow hat to cortisol release

A

change ones diurnal pattern of cortisol release

45
Q

circadian pattern of cortisol release is regulated by what

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus

46
Q

efferent fibers from the SCN project to where to regulate the diurnal pattern of CRH release

A

paraventricular nucleus (PVN)

47
Q

the diurnal pattern of CRH release establishes what

A

diurnal pattern of ACTH release (and thus cortisol levels)

48
Q

how does CNS mediate the effects of stress on cortisol release

A

increasing activity of CRH-secreting hypothalamic neurons

49
Q

stress mediates the release of what by CRH secreting neurons (other than CRH)

A

vasopressin

50
Q

vasopressin does what in relation to cortisol

A

potentiates CRH-medated ACTH secretion

51
Q

the effects of stress can override what

A

diurnal effects and negative feedback control

52
Q

in absence of ACTH stimulation what happens to cortisol synthesis

A

declines

53
Q

cortisol has negative feedback effects on what

A

CRH and ACTH

54
Q

cortisol is essential for what

A

survival

55
Q

cortisol plays a critical role in?

A

enabling the body to adapt to fasting and respond to stressful conditions

56
Q

many actions of cortisol are misunderstood why

A

it often plays a permissive role in regulating cell function

57
Q

permissive role of cortisol (what does it mean)

A

acts by making sure that the cell has the capacity to fully respond when the process is activated

58
Q

permissive role of cortisol (name one)

A

induces expression of glycogen synthase

59
Q

cortisol plays essential role in preventing what during a fast

A

hypoglycemia

60
Q

how does cortisol prevent hypoglycemia during a fast

A

inducing expression of enzymes that support glucose production

61
Q

what does cortisol do in the liver

A

promotes gluconeogenesis

62
Q

how does cortisol promote gluconeogenesis

A

mobilizes amino acids

63
Q

how does cortisol mobilize amino acids

A

inhibiting protein synthesis and stimulating protein catabolism

64
Q

cortisol has permissive effect on formation of?

A

glycogen

65
Q

cortisol conserves blood carbohydrates how?

A

blocking glucose uptake by skeletal muscle and adipose tissue

66
Q

what happens to levels of circulating fatty acids and glycerol within a matter of hours of beginning a fast

A

increase in both

67
Q

during a fast what happens to circulating levels of cortisol

A

stay the same

68
Q

cortisol’s stimulatory effects on catecholamine-induced lipolysis are mostly what?

A

permissive

69
Q

when present in excess what does cortisol promote (in terms of fat) and where

A

fat deposition

especially in trunk and face

70
Q

hypoadrenal patients tend to exhibit what during a fast?

A

fasting hypoglycemia

71
Q

individuals subject to chronic glucocorticoid excess tend to be what?

A

hyperglycemic and hyperinsulinemic

72
Q

in glucocorticoid excess what is the result of the catabolic actions of the glucocorticoids

A

muscle weakness and skin and connective tissue wasting

73
Q

people with glucocorticoid deficiency or chronic excess show what type of CNS issues

A 
mood
behavior
wakefulness
perception of sensory signal intensity
appetite
74
Q

what effect does cortisol have on calcium

A

inhibits uptake by gut and reabsorption by kidney

75
Q

what effect does cortisol have on erythropoiten synthesis

A

stimulates it

76
Q

cortisol effects what in development

A

alveolar maturation and surfactant production

77
Q

what use do glucocorticoids have in anticipated premature delivery

A

accelerate fetal lung development

78
Q

excess levels of glucocorticoids increase risk of what bone problem

A

osteoporosis

79
Q

glucocorticoids act directly on the bone to

A

inhibit bone formation

lesser extent promote bone resorption

80
Q

glucocorticoids have what effect on inflammatory response

A

suppress it

81
Q

glucocorticoids suppress the inflammatory response how

A

blocking expression of genes that code for pro inflammatory cytokines

82
Q

glucocorticoids inhibit synthesis of key enzymes like what? that catalyze the synthesis of inflammatory agents

A

phospholipase A2

83
Q

glucocorticoids do what to NO synthase

A

inhibit it

84
Q

cortisol induces synthesis of what anti-inflammatory protein that inhibits phospholipase A2

A

lipocortin (annexin)

SF4 Exam 2 (13 decks)

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