Hypothalamus

Question 1

adenohypohysis is another term for what?

Answer 1

anterior pituitary

Question 2

neurohypophysis is another term for what?

Answer 2

posterior pituitary

Question 3

the anterior pituitary is made up of what type of tissue and is derived from what

Answer 3

epithelial tissue

formed by an upgrowth of ectoderm cells from the roof of the embryonic pharynx

Question 4

posterior pituitary is what type of tissue and formed from what

Answer 4

neural tissue

formed from downward evagination of the floor of the embryonic brain

Question 5

magnocellular neurons originate from where?

Answer 5

supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of hypothalamus

Question 6

magnocellular neurons release what hormones

Answer 6

ADH

oxytocin

Question 7

magnocellular neurons (path and termination)

Answer 7

from hypothalamus through infundibulum of pituitary and terminate in close proximity to capillaries of the posterior pituitary

Question 8

what is part of the precursor for ADH but not oxytocin

Answer 8

glycopeptide domain

Question 9

what occurs to ADH and oxytocin pre-prohomrone as it goes through ER and golgi

Answer 9

signal peptide removed (in ER) and prohormones packaged into secretory granules

Question 10

what happens to ADH and oxytocin in the secretory granules

Answer 10

prohormone is cleaved to form mature hormone

neurophysin cleaved from prohormone

Question 11

neurophysin cleaved from prohomone does what

Answer 11

form tetramers and bind the hormone

Question 12

what happens when the membrane at the nerve terminal is depolarized

Answer 12

VG-Ca channels open and Ca2+ enters cells

leads to exocytosis of secretory product

Question 13

neurophysins (what type of function do they have)

Answer 13

chaperone and folding function

Question 14

how are ADH and oxytocin secretion regulated

Answer 14

direct neural control

Question 15

neurons releasing ADH and oxytocin represent what part of what reflex

Answer 15

efferent limb of neuroendocrine reflex arc

Question 16

hypophysiotropic hormones (what are they/what do they do)

Answer 16

neurosecretions

mediate direct hypothalamic control of anterior pituitary secretory function

Question 17

hypophysiotropic hormones can also be called what

Answer 17

releasing homrones and inhibiting hormones

Question 18

hypophysiotropic hormones are secreted where and by what

Answer 18

into primary capillary plexus of median eminence by parvicellular neurons of hypothalamus

Question 19

how do hypophysiotropic hormones get to anterior pituitary

Answer 19

hypothalamohypophyseal portal vessels

Question 20

what pituitary hormone’s release is normally under tonic inhibition and by what

Answer 20

prolactin is usually tonically inhibited by dopamine

Question 21

what can stimulate prolactin release

Answer 21

TRH

Question 22

what are the 5 main cell types of anterior pituitary

Answer 22

somatotrope
thyrotrope
lactotrope
gonadotrope
corticotrope

Question 23

somatotrope (what stimulates them and what do they secrete

Answer 23

stimulated by growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)

secrete growth hormone (GH)

Question 24

somatotropes are inhibited by what

Answer 24

somatostatin (SS)

Question 25

thyrotrope (what stimulates them and what do they secrete)

Answer 25

stimulated by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) | secrete thyroid stimulating hormone (thyrotropin or TSH)

Question 26

lactotrope (what inhibits them and what do they secrete)

Answer 26

``` inhibited by dopamine (tonically) secrete prolactin (PRL) ```

Question 27

gonadotrope (what stimulates them and what do they secrete)

Answer 27

stimulated by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) | secrete luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Question 28

corticotrope (what stimulates them)

Answer 28

``` corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) arginine vasopressin (AVP aka ADH) ```

Question 29

corticotrope (what do they secrete)

Answer 29

``` adrenocorticotropic hormone (corticotropin or ACTH) gamma-ipotropin (gamma-LPH) beta-endorphin ```

Question 30

what releasing/inhibiting hormones work on target cell via cAMP (Gs) pathway

Answer 30

GHRH | CRH

Question 31

what releasing/inhibiting hormones work on target cell via IP3 (Gq) pathway

Answer 31

GnRH TRH AVP

Question 32

dopamine and somatostatin work on target cells how

Answer 32

Gi | inhibit cAMP formation and activation G-protien gated K+ cannels

Question 33

tropic hormones (what are they)

Answer 33

hormones that regulate the activity of other endocrine glands

Question 34

long feedback loops (what are they)

Answer 34

negative feedback of hormone released from target gland by tropic hormone on hypothalamus or pituitary

Question 35

short feedback loops (what are they)

Answer 35

tropic hormones inhibit their own release by regulating the release of releasing/inhibiting hormones from hypothalamus