Solutions Flashcards
a homogenous mixture of 2 or more substances
solution
substances present in a small amount; the dissolved substance.
solvent
the substance present in a larger amount; dissolve the solute
solvent
contains less solute than the solvent has the capacity to dissolve at a specific temperature.
unsaturated solution
contains the maximum amount of a solute that will dissolve in a given solvent at a specific temperature.
saturated solution
______ form when a seed crystal is added to a supersaturated solution of sodium acetate.
Sodium acetate crystals
Two substances with similar intermolecular forces are likely to be soluble in each other.
NATURE OF SOLUTE AND SOLVENT
_______ are soluble in non-polar solvents
non-polar molecules
polar molecules are soluble in…
polar solvents
______ are more soluble in polar solvents
ionic compounds
The stronger the intermolecular attractions between solute and solvent, the more likely the solute will dissolve.
intermolecular attractions between solute and solvent,
Intermolecular forces =
H-bonds; dipole-dipole; dispersion
Ions in water also have…
ion-dipole forces
Ions are…
solvated (surrounded by solvent)
If the solvent is water,
the ions are hydrated.
__________ (which only has dispersion forces) is not water-soluble.
Cyclohexane
Vitamin A is soluble in…
nonpolar compounds (like fats).
Vitamin C is soluble in…
water
a physical change—getting back the original solute by evaporating the solvent.
Dissolution
if you cannot evaporate the solvent to get the solute, then it…
reacted
solubility
of _____ solutes in
liquid solvents
increases with
increasing temperature
solid
the separation of a mixture of substances into pure components on the basis of their differing solubilities.
Fractional crystallization
The solubility of liquids and solids ____ change appreciably with pressure.
does not
The solubility of a gas in a liquid is proportional to the pressure of the gas over the solution
Henry’s law
_________ of a solution is the amount of solute present in a given quantity of solvent or solution.
concentration
are properties that depend only on the number of solute particles in solution and not on the nature of the solute particles.
Colligative properties
the selective passage of solvent molecules through a porous membrane from a dilute solution to a more concentrated one.
Osmosis
allows the passage of solvent molecules but blocks the passage of solute molecules.
semipermeable membrane
the pressure required to stop osmosis.
Osmotic pressure (π)
Reassociation is more likely at higher concentration.
The van’t Hoff Factor
much larger than solute molecules
collodial particles
not as homogeneous as a solution
collodial suspension
light scattering by particles in a colloid such as a very fine suspension
Tyndall Effect
one in which heat is absorbed
endothermic reaction or process
the sum of the internal energy of the system plus the product of the pressure of the gas in the system and its volume: H = U + PV.
Enthalpy
